第1个回答 2017-01-12
定语从句
1． 定语从句的定义和结构
在句子中起定语的作用， 修饰句中的名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句， 被修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。 定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导。 当关系代词做定语从句的主语时，其后的谓语动词的人称和数取决于先行词的人称和数。
定语从句一般位于先行词的后面，定语从句由关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that, as 和关系副词when, where, why 引导。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任一个成分.
2.关系代词引导的定语从句
A. who 指人,在从句中作主语.
The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.
Those who wish to go to the museum must be at the gate by 7:50 a.m.
This is the man who teaches us English.
B. whom 指人,在从句中做宾语, 常可省略.
Mrs. Smith whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.
The professor whom you wish to see has come.
C. whose 通常指人,也可指物,在从句中作定语.
This is the scientist whose name is known all over the country.
Nobody wants the house whose roof has fallen in.
D. which指事物,在从句中做主语或宾语, 做宾语时,常可省略.
Guilin is a city which has a history of 2000 years.
A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.
The young man was very happy to get back the gold ring which he had lost on the train.
E. that指事物,也可指人,在从句中做主语或宾语.做宾语时,常可省略.
There are some films (that) I’d like to see.
She is the only one among us that knows French.
3.关系副词引导的定语从句
A. when 表示时间,其先行词往往是表示时间的名词, TIME, DAY, HOUR, YEAR 等
October 1,1949 was the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded.
From the time when he was little, he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up.
B. WHERE 表示地点,其先行词往往是表示地点的名词, PLACE, ROOM HOUSE, STREET, AREA 等.
This is the place where my mother was born.
Is this the room where we were living last winter?
C. why 表示原因,常用在先行词REASON后
I don’t know the reason why she looks unhappy today.
The reason why he said that is quite clear.
4.关系代词前带介词的定语从句
A.关系代词WHICH, WHOM在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,从句常由”介词+WHICH(或WHOM)”引出
Great changes are taking place in the city in which they live.
The film of which I’m speaking is to be shown at the People’s Cinema next week.
This is the teacher from whom we’ve learned a lot.
The policeman with whom Mr. Henry is talking in the office is a friend of mine.
B. 这类从句中的介词也可放在从句的末尾, 这时关系代词可以省略
The situation which we had got into was very dangerous.
The man whom we sent the present to is a doctor of laws.
C.定语从句也可以由”名词(或代词或数词)+介词+which(或whom)”引出
The house the windows of which were damaged has now been repaired.
We have two spare rooms upstairs, neither of which has been much used in the past two years.
5. 关系代词AS引导的定语从句
AS 也可以用作关系代词,既可以单独引出定语从句,又可与主句中的THE SAME 或SUCH 相呼应,从句中的谓语动词省略.
We jumped for joy at the news, as was natural.
We do the same work as they do.
He is not the same man as he was.
I hope to get such a dictionary as he is using.
We will give you such information as will help you in your work.
6.关系代词WHICH 与THAT 的用法区别
A. WHICH 引导非限制性定语从句, THAT 则不能.
He had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry.
B. which 前可以有介词,THAT 前则不可以有介词.
This is the house in which Lu Xun used to live.
C. that and which 都指物时,在以下4种情况下,用that 而不能用which
1)当先行词是 all, everything, nothing, something, anything, much, little, few 等不定代词时.
That is all that I want to say.
There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it.
There is little that I could do for you.
2)先行词被序数词修饰时, 用that.
The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.
3)先行词被形容词最高级修饰时, 用that
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
4)先行词被the very, the only, the just 等修饰时, 用that
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.
Mr. Smith is the only foreigner that he knows.
7. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
有些定语从句对先行词有限制作用,使该词的含义更具体, 更明确,这种定语从句称为限制性定语从句,这类从句不能省掉,否则句子的意义不完整
Do you remember the teacher who taught us English at middle school?
限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句与主句之间不能用逗号隔开. 限制性定语从句修饰的名词或代词. 限制性定语从句中的关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略.
定语从句有时跟先行词的关系并不十分密切, 只是作一些附加说明,不起限制作用,这种从句称为非限制性定语从句,这类从句往往用逗号与主句分开.
Mr. Zhang, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of my father’s.
We walked down the village street, where they were having market day.
有时这类定语从句所修饰的不是前面某一个词,而是代表整个主句所讲的内容,通常用逗号与主句分开.
He gave her mother a colour TV set for her birthday, which pleased her a lot.
They are coming back to us, which means that they have been refused elsewhere.
8.使用定语从句应注意的几个问题
A. 关系代词在从句中做主语时,从句的谓语动词用单数还是复数应由先行词决定
The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently.
The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.
B.定语从句有时不直接紧靠先行词,中间由一个定语,状语或谓语隔开
There is an expression in his eyes that I can’t understand.
The days are gone forever when the Chinese people were looked down upon.
C.引导定语从句的关系副词可以用介词+WHICH来代替
October 1,1949 was the day when (on which)the People’s Republic of China was founded.
This is the room in which(where) Lu Xun once lived.
D. d当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的短语动词时, 短语动词的各个固定的部分不要拆开.
The dictionary which you are looking for is on the desk.
E. 注意介词与关系代词的位置,介词在关系代词前,只能用WHICH和WHOM,且不能省略;介词在句尾,关系代词可用WHICH, THAT, WHOM,口语中也可以用WHO,且可省略.
F.关系代词或关系副词在从句中充当一个成分,因此,使用时要注意在从句中的避免句子成分的重复出现
WRONG:let me have a look at the dictionary that you bought it yesterday.
RIGHT: Let me have a look at the dictionary that you bought yesterday.’
Wrong : this is the house where I lived in two years ago.
Right: this is the house where I lived two years ago.