定语从句用法

Question

如题所述

Answer 1

一、基本概念：
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。如：
Do you know the man who spoke at themeeting just now?
That is the house where he lived ten yearsago.
定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导，关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作从句中的一个成分。
引导定语从句的关系代词有：that, who, whom, whose, which;
关系副词有：when, where, why.
二、关系词的用法：
（一）关系代词的用法：
1． 作主语用who, which和that, 如：
He is the man who/that lives next door.
The train which/that has just left is forShenzhen.
2． 作宾语用whom, who, which, that, 如：
The man (whom/who/that) we have just seenis a famous writer.
Where is the book (which/that) I boughtlast week?
注：在非正式文体中，用于指人的关系代词who whom, that 通常可以省略，但在正式文体中通常用whom, 不可省略；用于指物的关系代词which和that 在非正式文体中也通常省略，但在正式文体中一般不省略。
3． 作定语用whose, 如：
(a) He is the man whose car was stolen lastweek.
(b) It was a meeting whose importance I didnot realize at that time.
注：“whose +名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语（如上a句），又能作宾语（如上b句）。whose 的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与of which 结构互换，词序是：“名词+of which”，如：
They came to a house whose back wall hadbroken down.. (= the back wall of which)
He’s written a book the name of which I’vecompletely forgotten. (= whose name)
4． 作表语只用that ，它既可以指人，也可以指物，但时常省略。如：
He is no longer the man that he used to be.
This is no longer the dirty place (that) itused to be.
（二）关系副词的用法：
1．when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常有：time, day, morning, night, week, year 等。如：
I still remember the time when I firstbecame a college student.
Do you know the date when Lincoln was born?
注：when时常可以省略，特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。如：
Each time he came, he did his best to helpus.
But help never stopped coming from the dayshe fell ill.
2．where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有：place, spot, street, house, room,
city, town, country等，如：
This is the hotel where they are staying.
I forget the house where the Smiths lived.
注：where有时也可以省略。如：
This is the place (where) we met yesterday.
3．why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason。如：
That is the reason why he is leaving sosoon.
注：why时常也可以省略。如：
That is the real reason he did it.
(三) 使用关系副词应注意下列几点：
1． 这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构：
when = on (in, at, during…) + which;
where = in (at, on…) + which;
why = for which. 如：
I was in Beijing on the day when (=onwhich) he arrived.
The office where (=in which) he works is onthe third floor.
This is the chief reason why (=for which) wedid it.
2． 当先行词是表时间的time, day等和表地点的place, house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that, 缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where，试比较：
I’ll never forget the day when my hometownwas liberated.
I’ll never forget the days which/that wespent together last summer.
His father works in a factory where radioparts are made.
His father works in a factory which/thatmakes radio parts.
3． when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why 只
能引导限制性定语从句。
三．限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
1．限制性定语从句说明先行词的情况，对先行词起限定作用，与先行词关系十分密切，不可用逗号隔开，也不可省略，否则全句意义就不完整。如：
This is the telegram which he refers to.
Is there anything (that) I can do for you?
2．非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作补充说明，没有限定作用，它与先行词的关系比较松散，因而不是关键性的，如果省略，原句的意义仍然完整。这种从句在朗读时要有停顿，在文字中通常用逗号与主句隔开。如：
This note was left by Tom, who was here amoment ago.
As a boy, he was always making things, mostof which were electric.
引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有：who, whom, whose, which, when 和 where，不可以用that和why。
另外，非限制性定语从句从意义上讲，相当于一个并列句，在口语中使用并不普遍，在日常生活中，人们通常用并列句或简单句来表达。如：
I told the story to John, who later did itto his brother.
= I told the story to John, and he latertold it to his brother.
Yesterday I happened to see John, who waseager to have a talk with you.
= Yesterday I happened to see John and hewas eager to have a talk with you.
3．两种定语从句的内涵不同，限制性定语从句具有涉他性，而非限制性定语从句具有 唯一性，这在理解和翻译时应特别注意。试比较：
All the books there, which have beautifulpictures in them, were written by him.
All the books there that have beautifulpictures in them were written by him.
His brother, who is eighteen years old, isa PLA man. （只有一个）
His brother who is a PLA man is eighteenyears old. （不止一个）
4．有时，非限制性定语从句所修饰的不是某一个词，而是整个主句或是主句中的一个部分，这时一般采用which或as来引导。如：
He passed the exam, which/as he hoped hewould.
注：
（1）as引导的从句可以放在主句之前，而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。
They are hollow, which makes them verylight.
As is known to all, Taiwan is a part ofChina.
（2）从意义上讲，which指前面主句的内容；而as指代的是作为一般人都知道的常
识性的东西，因此常译成“就象……那样”。
（3）如果定语从句的内容对主句的内容起消极作用，则用which，而不用as，如：
She stole her friend’s money, which wasdisgraceful.
He tore up my photo, which upset me.
5．在正式文体中，以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常以in which或 that 引导，如：
The way in which you answered the questionswas admirable.
但在非正式文体中，人们通常省略in which或 that :
The way (in which) he spoke to us wassuspicious.
I don’t like the way (that) you laugh ather.
四．关系词的选择
1． 在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词作主语，只能用who 指人，which指物；关系代词做宾语，常用whom（口语中有时用who）指人，which指物，它们都不能用that代替。
2． 关系代词作介词宾语，不论是在限制性定语从句中，还是在非限制性定语从句中，当介词前置时，只能用whom指人，which指物；但如果介词后置，则不受这种限制，关系代词还可以省去，特别是在口语中。如：
Do you know the boy to whom she wastalking?
Do you know the boy (that) she was talkingto?
The pencil (which/that) he was writing withsuddenly broke.
3． 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指物时，关系词可用which或that，二者常可以互换；但在下列情况中，只能用that，不用which：
(1) 当先行词是all, alot, (a) little, few, much, none, anything, something, everything, nothing等词时。如：
All that can be done has been done.
In this factory I saw little / much thatwas different from ours.
(2) 当先行词被all, anyno, much, little, few, every等限定词所修饰时。如：
We heard clearly every word that he said.
(3) 当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时。如：
The first thing that should be done is toget the tickets.
When people talk about Hangzhou, the firstthat comes to mind is the West Lake.
(4) 当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级所修饰，以及先行词被序数词和形容
词最高级同时修饰时，如：
Is that the best that you can do?
That’s the most expensive hotel that we’veever stayed in.
This novel is the second best one that Ihave ever read.
(5) 当先行词被 thevery, the only, the next, the last等所修饰时。如：
This is the very book that I want to find.
(6) 当先行词为指人和指物的两个并列名词词组时。如：
The guests spoke highly of the children andtheir performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace.
She described in her compositions thepeople and places that impressed her most.
(7) 当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。如：
Which is the car that killed the boy?
4. 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，关系词可用who(m)或that，二者常可互换。
但在下列情况中，用who(m)，而不用that：
(1) 当先行词是one,ones, any, few, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone,
everybody等词时。如：
Is there anyone who can answer thisquestion?
He was among the few who managed to livethrough the enemy prison camp.
注：在非正式文体中可以说：You’re the one that knows where to go.)
(2) 当先行词是he,they, those, people, person等词时。如：
He who wants to catch fish just not mindgetting wet.
Those who are against the proposal put upyour hands.
注：在固定结构的谚语或习语中，可用he that…。如：
He that promises too much means nothing.
(3) 当先行词有较长的后置定语修饰时。如：
Do you know the writer in blue with thickglasses who is speaking at the meeting?
(4) 在分隔式定语从句中，若先行词指人，为了明确修饰关系，应当用who(m)。如：
A new master will came tomorrow who willteach you German.
There’s only one student in the schoolwho/whom I wanted to see.
I was the only person in my office who wasinvited.
(5) 两个定语从句同时修饰一个指人的先行词，第二个定语从句常用who(m)来引导，如：
She is the only girl I know who can playthe guitar.
5. 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，在下列情况中，一般用关系词that:
(1) 当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。如：
Who is the man that is reading thenewspaper over there?
Which of us that knows anything does notknow this?
(2) 当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词所修饰时。如：
He is the greatest man that has ever lived.
(3) 当先行词被theonly, the very, the last等词所修饰时。如：
She is the only person that understands me.
6. 当先行词被the same所修饰时，关系词既可以用as，也可以用that。在表示具体事物
时，有时两者有一定的区别。一般说来，表示同一种类多用as，表示同一事物多用that。
如：
This is the same instrument that I usedyesterday. 这就是我昨天用过的那台仪器。
This is the same instrument as I usedyesterday. 这台仪器跟我昨天用过的那台一样。
在抽象概念上，同种类和同一事物是没有绝对区别的，所以两个词可换用：
I have the same opinion as / that you have.
这里要注意的是：
(1) 使用as时，它引导的定语从句中的动词可以省略，但使用that时，定语从句中
的动词不可省略。如：
Women received the same pay as men.
Women received the same pay that menreceived.
(2) 在“the same…that”结构中，that只是用来加强语气，强调“相同”。that可以省去而不改变句子原意，甚至连名词前的same也可以省去。如：
This is the same instrument that I usedyesterday.
= This is the same instrument I usedyesterday.
= This is the instrument I used yesterday.
但在“the same…as”结构中，same和as都不能省略。
(3) 当“the same…that”结构中的that作为关系副词用时，不可以直接与as互换。
如：
He lives in the same building that I live.
= He lives in the same building as / that Ilive in.
Shall we meet at the same place that welast met?
= Shall we meet at the same place that / aswe last met at?
7. 当先行词前有such, so, as时，关系词应当用as。如：
A wise man seldom talks about such thingsas he doesn’t understand.
He spoke in such easy English as everybodycould understand.
At this time of the day, all buses andtrolleys have to carry as many passengers as they can.
It is so easy a book as every schoolboy canread.
Let’s discuss such things as we can talk offreely.
另需注意：
This book is written in such easy Englishas beginners can understand.（定语从句）
This book is written in such easy Englishthat beginners can understand.（结果状语从句）

Answer 2

定语从句由关系代词who、whom、whose、which、what、as和关系副词where、when、why等引导，但须记住：
1.what不能引导定语从句. 2.关系词的分析须考虑它在定语从句中的成分。

一.指人的关系代词有who、whose、whom、that. 试分析：
The old man who/whom /that we visited yesterday is a famous artist.
Miss wang is taking care of the child whose parents have gone to Beijing .
The man with whom my father shook hands just now is our headmaster.
（=The man who/whom that my father shook hands with just now is our headmaster.）
注：
指人时有时只用who不宜用that。
1．先行词为one、ones或anyone
（1）The comrade I want to learn from is the one who studies hard and works hard.
（2）Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.
2．先行词为these/those时
These who are going to beijing are the best students of our school.
3．在there be 开头的句子中
There is a student who wants to see you.
4．一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个宜用who，以免重复。
The student that won the first prize is the monitor who works hard.
5．在非限制性定语从句中
I met a friend of mine in the street, who had just come from Japan.
b．主句以who开头的句子中,只用that,不用who。
二．指物的关系代词有which、whose(=of which)、that. 试分析：
1.I like the books which / that were written by Mo Yan.
2.The desks (which/that) we made last year were very good.
3.This is the house in which we lived last year.
(= This is the house which /that we lived in last year.)
4.I live in the room whose windows face south.
(= I live in the room ,the windows of which face south.)
注：
a. 介词如果位于作为其宾语的关系代词之前时，只能用whom、 which不能用who或that.
(1). The girl about whom they were talking is our monitor.
(2). The book in which there are many interesting things was written by Li Ming.
b. 部分短语动词中的介词不可与动词拆开，在定语从句中其介词不可前置，只能放在其动词后。
Is this the book which she is looking for?
The old man who/whom they are waiting for is professor Li.
The child who/whom she is looking after is Lan Peng’s son.
c． 指物时，下列情况下只能用that ，不宜用which。
（1）先行词为不定代词，如all、much、anything、everything、nothing、something、none、the one等。
We are willing to do anything that is good to people.
I have told them all (that) I know. All that can be done has been done.
（2）先行词是序数词或被序数词、修饰时。
The first book that I read last night was an English novel.
（3）先行词是形容词最高级或被最高级修饰时。
This is one of the most interesting films that i have ever seen.
This is the best that can be done now.
（4）如果有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时(先行词既有人又有物)，定语从句的关系代词用which和who都不合适，只能用that。
We know nothing about the doctors and the hospitals that you are talking about.
There are sheep and men that can be seen on the hill.
（5）如果先行词被the only、the very、the last、the same、any、 few 、little、no、 all 、one of、 just修饰时。
This is the only book that can be lent to you.
（6）当主句是以which开头的特殊问句时，关系代词只用that。
Which is the dictionary that he used yesterday ?
d．指物时，下列情况下只能用which，不宜用that。
（1）关系代词放在介词之后：This is the factory in which we once worked.
（2）非限制性定语从句中：This is the book, which is written by lu xun.
（3）that，those作主语时：Those which are on the desk are english books.
e．先行词前有such、the same、 as时, 关系代词用as，不用that, 但the same…as…表示同样的, the same…that…表示同一的
He knows as many people as are present at the meeting.
Such people as you refer to are rare nowadays.
三．比较when/which、where /which、why.
Which I still never forget.
This is the day when i joined the party.
which he spent reading the books.
where I found the book.
which makes machines.
This is the place which we once visited.
which I will never forget.
which I am looking for.本回答被提问者采纳

Answer 3

简单地说，定语从句必须有被修饰的名词或名词性的词组（语法上称作“先行词”或者“前置词”）。顾名思义，定语从句必须跟在名词或名词性的词组后面。本回答被网友采纳

Answer 4

定语从句常见关系代词的用法在题目中的应用