英语的定语从句中关系词应如何使用

在英语的定于从句中,有很多关系代词和关系副词,应如何使用这些不同的关系词呢,何时能省略,何时能互相代替?

在英语教学中,关系词常常是学生容易混淆的问题。在某些情况下,学生常常不知道该使用那一个关系词, 这个问题常是教学中的重点或难点。因此,本文就学生在学习关系词“that”、“which”、“whose”、“what” 时经常容易出现问题的几个难点部分进行分析,以便于教学中让学生注意区别它们的用法。

一.在定语从句中关系词用法的差异
1.关系代词“that” 与 “which” 的区别
在限定性定语从句中,我们知道关系词指代人时,常用who、whom 、whose (或that),指代物时常用which 或that 。例如:
例1.Where is the girl who / that sells the tickets? (卖票的女孩子在哪?)
例2.I’ve lost bananas which / that I bought this morning. (我把今天早上买的香蕉丢了。)
在上述两个例子中 who 和 which都可以由 that 替代。但是当先行词是 all、little、few 或是由every(thing)、any(thing)、no(thing)、none、much、only 修饰时,关系词要用 that不能用 which 。例如:
例3.Is this all that is left? (是不是就剩下这一个了?)
例4.Have you got anything that belongs to me? (你那有我什么东西吗?)
例5.The only thing that matters is to find our way home .(只有一件事最重要,那就是找到回家的路。)
除上述情况外,当先行词由序数词或最高级修饰时,关系词必须用 that(见例6和例7)。
例6.The first thing that we should do is to work out a plan . (我们应该做的第一件事是定个计划 / 我们应该首先定个计划。)
例7.This is the best film (that) I’ve ever seen . (这是我看过的最好的影片。)此句中的that 在从句中做宾语,可以省略。
2.关系副词与关系代词的区别
在定语从句中,当先行词是人或物时,从句的引导词用关系代词;而当先行词是表示时间和地点时,常用关系副词引导。但有时常遇到先行词是表示时间或地点的名词,关系词却要用关系代词。请看例句:
例1. This is the place where we worked last year.(这是我去年工作过的地方。)
例2. This is the place which / that we visited last year.(这是我去年参观过的地方。)
上述两个句子的主句相同,先行词都是place ,但是它在两个从句中的功用不同。例1中的place 指的是从句中谓语动词发生动作的地点(… worked in the place),因此,关系词要用关系副词where (= in which)。而例2中的place是从句谓语动词的宾语(…visited the place),关系词指代的是动作的承受对象,所以要用关系代词which或that ,不能用关系副词where 。
例3.I still remember the day when Nanjing was liberated.(我一直记着南京解放的那一天。)
例4.I still remember the day which / that we spend together.(我一直记着我们共同度过的时光。)
例3中 的 day 在从句中做状语 (表示 …on the day) ,所以用 when 。 例4 中的day 是从句中spend 的宾语 (…spend the day) ,所以要用which 或that 。
由此,我们可以看出:当先行词是表示时间或地点的名词时,用关系代词还是用关系副词引导定语从句,要根据先行词在句子中的功用。当先行词在从句中表示的是时间或地点(在从句中做状语)时,要用关系副词;当先行词在从句中做宾语(表示动作的承受者,有时先行词在从句中做主语)时,就要用关系代词。
3.在非限定性定语从句中指物时只能用which
that 只能在限定性定语从句中指代人或物,而在非限定性定语从句中指代物时不能用 that ,只能用 which 。
例1.He showed me a photo that / which upset me . (他给我看了一张令我心烦意乱的照片)
例2.He tore up my photo, which upset me . (他撕了我的照片,这件事令我很不高兴。)
例1中的关系词指的是photo ,从句所修饰的是一个名词,是限定性定语从句,关系词可以用that ,也可以用which 。例2中的从句与主句之间有“,”隔开,从句去掉后意思表达清楚,从句只起补充说明的作用,是一个非限定性定语从句。在这种情况下只能用which ,不能用that 。试比较:
例3.Where is the money that / which I lent you? (我借给你的钱哪儿去了?)
例4.He lent me the money, which was exactly the amount I needed to solve my problem.(他
借给了我一笔钱,这笔钱正好解决了我的问题。)
例3 是限定性定语从句,关系词用that 和which 都可以。例4 是非限定性定语从句,从句只起补充说明的作用,关系代词只能用which 。

二.表示物的所属关系时关系词用whose
我们知道,whose 是表示所属关系的词。在表示人的所属关系时,常用whose 。在定语从句中,不论是表示人的还是表示物的所属关系时,关系代词都要用whose 。例如:
例1.What is the name of the boy whose father is a doctor?(他父亲是医生的那个男孩儿叫什么名字?)
例2.Tom lives in the room whose window opens to the south..(汤姆住在窗朝南开的房间里。)
显然,例1中whose 是指代人 (the boy’s father) ;例2中whose 所指代的是物 (the room’s window )。例2是“黑龙江省中等专业学校外语学业等级考试样题”中的一道题。原题是:
“Tom lives in the room ________ window opens to the south.. ”
供选择的答案有:a. what b. it’s c. whose d. which
正确答案应该是c 。但是,在做这道题时,多数学生都选错了答案,原因之一是只考虑到room 是物,忽略了从句中表示所属关系时要用“whose”,而且“it’s” 不能做引导词。因此,必须注意:在定语从句中,当关系词在从句中表示所属关系时,其先行词不论是人还是物,关系词都要“whose”,“it’s”不能做定语从句中的引导词。

三.“that” 与 “what” 的区别
“that” 可以做定语从句中的关系代词,“what” 也常做名词性从句中的引导词,学生在使用它们时常分辨不清。因此,在教学中应注意区别它们的用法。
我们知道,关系代词 that 指代的是它前面的先行词,而 what = the things that 。 所以,what 与that 不同,what 有两层含义:其一作为关联词引出从句,其二为先行词本身的含义。如果主句中已经出现了先行词,关系/关联词就要用that ;如果主句中没有先行词出现,关系/关联词就要用what 。例如:
例1.I give her just the money that she need.(她需要多少钱,我就给她多少钱。)
例2.I give her just what he need. (她需要多少钱,我就给她多少钱。)
例1中的that 引出的是定语从句,先行词是money , that 为关系代词,主句中出现了先行词,所以用that 。例2 中的what 引出的从句是give 的宾语,主句中没有出现先行词,what 既引导了从句,又含有先行词的含义。
例3.I will tell you all that I know.
例4.I will tell you what I know.
例3中出现了先行词all ,所以从句中的引导词用that ;例4中没有先行词,从句中的引导词用what 。两个句子意思相同:“我会告诉你我所知道的一切。”
例3. The thing that I’d like is a digital watch .
例4. What I’d like is a digital watch.
例5中有先行词the thing ,所以关联词用连词that 。而例6中没有出现先行词,所以关联词用疑问代词what 。两个句子意思相同:“我想要的东西是一块数字表。”
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第1个回答  2013-11-25
定语从句中关系词省略的6种情形

  关系词有时可以省略,但这只限于限制性定语从句中,在非限制性定语从句中,关系词则不可省略。
  一、关系代词作宾语时的省略
  当关系代词who, whom, which和that在定语从句中用作动词宾语或介词位于句末时的介词宾语时,可以省略。如:
  Is there anything (which) you wanted? 想要什么东西吗?
  Who is the man (that / who / whom) you were talking to? 刚才和你讲话的人是谁?
  二、关系代词作表语时的省略
  当关系代词that在定语从句中用作表语时,可以省略。如:
  China is not the country (that) it was. 中国已不是过去的中国了。(that作表语)
  三、关系代词作宾补时的省略
  当关系代词that在定语从句中用作宾语补足时,可以省略。如:
  I’m not the madman (that) you thought me. 我并不是你所认为的那个疯子。(that作宾语补语)
  四、关系副词when的省略
  用作时间状语的关系副词when通常不能省略,但有一种特殊情况,即用于day, year, time等少数几个词后时可以省略(也可换成that)。如:
  That was the year (that) I first went abroad. 就是那一年我第一次出国了。
  I’ll never forget the day (that) we met. 我永远也忘不了我们见面的那一天。
  五、关系副词where的省略
  用作地点状语的关系副词where通常不能省略,但有一种特殊情况,即用于place, somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere少数几个词后时可以省略(也可换成that)。如:
  This is the place (where) they met yesterday. 这就是他们昨天碰头的地方。
  Have you somewhere (that) I can lie down for an hour? 你有没有一个什么地方可以让我躺一个小时?
  六、关系副词why的省略
  关系副词why通常只用于the reason后引导定语从句,且通常可换成that或for which,均可省略。如:
  That’s the reason (why, for which, that) he came. 这就是他来的原因。
  Give me one reason (why) we should help you. 给我举出一个我们应当帮助你的理由
用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如:

This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.

I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
关系词的选择依据在从句中所作的成分,先行词在从句中作主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词(who, whom, that, which, whose);先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词(where地点状语,when时间状语,why原因状语)。
第2个回答  2013-11-25
定语从句
一、考点聚焦
1、功能:相当于形容词,修饰名词或代词,在句中作定语
2、位置:定语从句置于被修饰词之后
Those who are willing to attend the party, sign here please.
3、先行词:被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词
(1)先行词一般是名词和不定代词,如:some-, any-, every-和no与-boy, -thing的合成词;或all、none、any、some、that、those等代词。数词也可以作先行词,人称代词也同样可作先行词。
(2)先行词与关系词是等量关系。必须注意两点:
①先行词在从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的数由先行词而定。
This is the place which is worth visiting.
②关系词在从句句子中充当了成分,其意思就是先行词的意义,所以在从句中不能重复其意。
There are many places we can visit(them)in China.
4、关系词:引导定语从句的都称关系词
关系代词:who, whom, which, that, whose, as。
关系副词:when, where, why。that偶尔也作关系副词。
5、确定关系词的步骤
(1)先找关系词,看先行词指的是什么。
(2)看关系词在从句中所充当的成分。
6、在定语从句中,当先行词指物时,下列情况的关系词宜用that而不用which
(1)先行词被①形容词最高级 ②序数词 ③数词几种词修饰或被 ④only、any、few、little、no、all、one of等修饰时。
(2)先行词为all、much、little、none、few、one、something、anything等不定代词时。
(3)先行词中既有人又有物时。
He was looking pleasantly at te children and parcels that filled his bus.
(4)先行词在主句中作表语关系词在从句中作表语时。
The village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago.
(5)当主句中含有疑问词which时。
Which are the books that you bought for me ?
7、宜用which而不用that的情况
(1)在非限制性定语从句中
(2)在关系词前有介词时
(3)当先行词本身是that时
(4)当关系词离先行词较远时
8、关系词who与that指人时,也有不同情况分别用不同的关系词
(1)当主句是there be句型时,关系词用who。
(2)先行词是为anyone、those、someone、everyone、one等词时,关系词用who。
(3)当主句是who作疑问词时,关系词用that。
Who is that girl that is standing by the window?
(4)whom在从句中只作宾语,可被who取代。
9、whose作关系词既指人又指物,在从句中作定语。如:
Do you know Mr.Smith whose story is very moving ?
There is a room, whose window faces the river.
There is a room, the window of which faces the river.
10、关系代词as,在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。
(1)先行词被such和the same修饰,或句型as many(much)中,从句都用as 引导。
Such books as you bought are useful.
The school is just the same as it was 10 years age.
注意:区别①such … that … 引导的结果状语从句。They are such
lovely children that we love them much.②the same … that … 引导定语从句。I want to use the same tool that you used just now.
(2)无先行词的定语从句用as和which引导。
区别:①意义上:as 含有“这点正如……一样”。②位置上:as 从句可置句首,也可在另处。
He didn’t pass the exam, as we had expected.
There is lots of air in loose snow, which can keep the cold out.
As is known, the earth is round, not flat.
11、关系副词when与where、why、that
when 指时间 = in / at / on / during which
where指地点 = in / at / from / which
why指原因 = for which
当先行词为way、day、reason、time时,可用that作关系副词。(非正式场合)
I don’t like the way that / in which / he talks.
当time作先行词时,关系词可以省掉。
This is the first time I have given you a lesson in French.
12、必须注意的问题
(1)关系词作主语时,从句中谓语的数。
(2)注意区别定语从句与强调句。
①定语从句中关系词作从句成分,复合句。
②强调it无意义,that / who不是引导词。
③强调it is / was和that / who后如果句子意思讲得通则是强调句,讲不通则不是。
It is the museum that / which we visited last year.(定语从句)
It was in the hotel that we stayed last night.(强调句)
(3)定语从句与同位语从句的区别。
①定语从句引导词被称为关系词,that充当主语、宾语、表语。有时可省略。
②同位语从句引导词被叫做连词,that不能充当任何成分,不可省。
Word came that their army was defeated.(同位语)
We expressed to them our wish that was the same as their.(定语)
(4)关系词在从句中省略的情况。
①关系词作宾语,前无介词时。
②关系词作表语。
(5)限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的翻译。
(6)关系词前有介词或复杂介词,关系词只能是which和whom。
(7)几个特殊的定语从句句型:
①He is the only one of the students who has got very good marks
in the match.(句中one为先行词)
He is one of the students who have got good marks in the match.(句中students为先行词)
②Is this place the one (that) we visited yesterday?
Is this the place(that / which)we visited yesterday ?
③He stood at the window, from where he could see what was happening.
④It may rain, in which case the match will be put off.
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