动词不定式用法

如题所述

动词不定式在中学英语中应用非常广泛,一方面在句中可起名词、形容词或副词的作用,同时也可在句中作主语、宾语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。动词不定式的形式一般是to +动词原形,但to有时要省去。而动词不定式在具体运用时用不用to,取决于谓语动词的用法。现就以下几方面介绍如下。
一、 不定式结构
1. 带to的不定式结构
能直接跟带to的不定式结构的动词主要有:want, ask, tell, hope, learn, try, decide, forget, remember, like, love, stop, go, come等。如:
I want to go to the movies with you.
我想跟你一起去看电影。
Don’t forget to turn off the light before you leave.
在你离开之前别忘了关灯。
注意:动词不定式的否定形式是在不定式前直接加not,即not to do sth.。如:
Dave told me not to wake up Kate.
大卫告诉我别叫醒凯特。
2. 不带to的不定式结构
以下几种情况使用不带to的动词不定式:
(1)在固定词组had better之后。注意:had better的否定形式是had better not do sth.。如:
You had better go home now.
你最好现在回家。
It’s cold outside. You’d better not go out.
外面很冷,你最好不要出去。
(2)在let, make, see, feel, watch, hear等感官或使役动词后,要跟不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。如:
I made them give me the money back.
我迫使他们把钱还给我。
I didn’t see you come in.
我没看见你进来。
(3)在引导疑问句的why not之后。Why not+不带to的不定式是Why don’t you do的省略,可以用来提出建议或劝告。如:
Why not study with us?
为什么不和我们一起学呢?
Why not take a holiday?=Why don’t you take a holiday?
为什么不休个假呢?
(4)不定式动词在介词but, except, besides后面时,如这些介词前有实义动词do的各种形式,则后接不带to的不定式,否则带to。如:
I have no choice but to accept the fact.
除了接受这个事实我别无选择。
What do you like to do besides swim?
除了游泳你还喜欢做什么?
(5)为了避免重复,不定式可省去to。如:
I’m really puzzled what to think or say.
对于想什么或说什么,我真的很困惑。
二、 不定式的时态
不定式常用的时态有一般时、完成时、进行时和完成进行时四种,常用的为前三种。
1. 一般时
动词不定式的一般式表示不定式的动作或状态与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或在之后发生。如:
I plan to attend the meeting.
我计划参加这次会议。
2. 完成时
不定式的完成式表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。如:
I am sorry to have kept you waiting.
很抱歉让你久等了。
3. 进行时
不定式的进行式表示不定式的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。如:
They are said to be working hard.
据说他们工作得很努力。
4. 完成进行时
不定式的完成进行式表示不定式的动作在谓语动词之前已经发生,并且一直进行着。如:
He is said to have been working in that factory for twelve years.
据说他已在那家工厂工作12年了。
三、 动词不定式在句中的作用
1. 作主语
如:To live is to work.
生活就是工作。
To save time is to lengthen life.
节约时间就等于延长了人的生命。
不定式结构作主语时,现代英语倾向于采用it作形式主语,而把不定式结构后置的形式。如:
It is important for students to study English.
学好英语对学生来说是很重要的。
2. 作定语
(1)不定式作定语,要放在它所修饰的名词或代词的后面。如:
I have nothing to say on this question.
对这个问题我无可奉告。
(2)如果不定式是不及物动词,后面就应有必要的介词。如:
Give me a piece of paper to write on. 给我一张纸写字。
(3)有些名词常可用不定式作定语。如:
Our teacher had no time to think about rest.
我们老师根本没时间考虑休息一下。
3. 作宾语
I wish to be a college student.
我希望成为一名大学生。
有的及物动词要求跟复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)。如果其中的宾语是不定式短语,则必须将形式宾语it放在宾语的位置上,而将不定式短语(真正的宾语)放在宾语补足语之前。如:
I find it useful to learn English well.
我发现学好英语很有用。
4. 作宾语补足语
动词不定式作宾语补足语是动词不定式用法的一个重点,学习时要注意以下三种情况。
(1)作动词ask, like, tell等的宾语补足语时,动词不定式符号to不可以省略。如:
He asked me to talk about English study.
他请我谈谈英语学习。
(2)作使役动词let, have, make以及感官动词feel, hear, see, watch等的宾语补足语时,动词不定式符号to要省略。如:
The teacher made him say the word like this.
老师让他像这样说这个单词。
(3)作动词help的宾语补足语时,动词不定式符号to可以带,也可以不带。如:
Could you help me (to) carry the heavy box?
你能帮我搬这个重箱子吗?
5. 作状语
动词不定式及其短语具有副词的特性,可在句中作状语。
(1)作目的状语。如:
He stopped to have a rest.
他停下来休息。
(2)作结果状语。如:
He woke up to find everybody gone.
他醒来发现大家都走了。
(3)在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后作原因状语。如:
I’m sorry to hear your grandma is ill.
听到你奶奶生病真遗憾。
(4)在带有enough或too的句子里作状语,表程度。如:
He is old enough to go to school.
他到了上学年龄了。
(5)强调动词不定式所表示的目的时,动词不定式可用in order to或so as to +动词原形,so as to不用于句首。如:
The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers.
公共汽车停下来以便接乘客
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参考资料:http://www.e-l-e.net.cn/jiaoyan/jxzhidao/jxshouduan/200810/17738.htm

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第1个回答  2012-07-18
动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种:
  (1)把不定式置于句首。如:
  To get there by bike will take us half an hour.
  (2)用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中。如:
  ①It+be+名词+to do
  It's our duty to take good care of the old.
  ②It takes sb+some time+to do
  How long did it take you to finish the work?
  ③It+be+形容词+for sb+to do
  It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour.
  ④It+be+形容词+of sb+to do
  It is stupid of you to write down everything (that) the teacher says.
  ⑤It seems(appears)+形容词+to do
  It seemed impossible to save money.
  在句型③中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如:difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等;在句型④中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb is+形容词+to do句式 ,如:It's kind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English.
  (3)举例
  (1) It's easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了
  easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better; 
  the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough
  It's so nice to hear your voice.
  听到你的声音真高兴。
  It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
  当你不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。
  (2) It's very kind of him to help us. 他帮助我们,他真好。
  Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)
  例句:
  It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。
  It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。
  注意:(1) 其他系动词如,look,appear等也可用于此句型
  (2) 不定式作为句子成分时,动词用单数形式。
  (3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is… to…的句型
  (对)To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
  (错)It is to believe to see.
二、作宾语
  1) 以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语
  afford (付得起),agree(同意),aim(力求做到),appear(显得),arrange(安排),ask(要求),attempt (试图),care(想要),choose(决定),claim(声称),condescend(屈尊),consent(准许),decide(决定),demand(要求),determine(决心),endeavor(竭力),expect(期待),fail(未履行),help(帮助),hesitate(犹豫),hope(希望),learn(学会),manage(设法),neglect(疏忽),offer(主动提出),plan(计划),prepare(准备),pretend(假装),proceed(接着做),promise(答应),prove(证明),refuse(拒绝),resolve(解决),seem(觉得好像),swear(发誓),tend(往往会),threaten(预示),undertake(承诺),volunteer(自愿做),vow(发誓),want(想要),wish(希望)
  举例: 
  The driver failed to see the other car in time.
  司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
  I happen to know the answer to your question.
  我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
  2) 动词+疑问词+ 不定式
  decide,know,consider forget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,find out,explain,tell
  Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。
  There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
  注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数。
  The question is how to put it into practice.
  问题是怎样把它付诸实施。
  3)当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即:主语+动词+it+补语+to do句式。如:
  We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well.
  He feels it his duty to help the poor.
  I find it difficult to learn English well.
三、作补语
  1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)
  advise allow believe cause challenge compel declare encourage forbid force find hire induce instruct invite like order permit persuade remind request require select send suppose tell train urge 
  例句:
  a. Father will not allow us to play on the street. 
  父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
  b. We believe him to be guilty.
  我们相信他是有罪的。
  Find 的特殊用法:
  Find 后可用分词做宾补,或先加形式宾语,再加形容词,最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get,have。
  I found him lying on the ground.
  I found it important to learn.
  I found that to learn English is important.
  典型例题:
  The next morning she found the man ___ in bed,dead. 
  A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying 
  答案:A.find的宾语后面,用分词或分词短语,起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动。
  2) to + be 的不定式结构,作补语的动词。
  Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel, find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand
  We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
  我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。
  典型例题
  Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer. 
  A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 
  答案:A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D,此句只说明发明这一个事实,不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时,发明为点动词一般不用完成时,且此处也不强调对现在的影响,因此不选C。
  3) to be +形容词
  Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean…
  The book is believed to be uninteresting.
  人们认为这本书没什么意思。
  4) there be+不定式
  believe,expect,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,want,wish,undrstand
  We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。
  有些动词需用as 短语做补语,如regard,think believe,take,consider.
  We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
  Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
  5)秃头不定式作补语
  秃头不定式, 即不带“to”的不定式,其语法功能一般在句子中作宾语的补语(宾语补足语)。
  用秃头不定式作宾语补足语的常用动词如下:
  口诀:“五看、三使役“,“两听、一感”要记住,若是“宾补”变“主补”,主补“to”字不能无。动词let属例外,其宾补/主补“to”均无。说明:
  五看-----see/watch/notice/observe/look at;三使役-----have/make/let;两听-----hear/listen to;一感-----feel。
  例句:I often see him go to school on foot.(秃头不定式作宾语补足语) He is often seen to go to school on foot.(不定式作主语补足语,要带“to”) Let him try again.---- He is let try again.(let的主补与宾补均用秃头不定式)
四、作表语
  不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作;动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。
  ①To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
  ②My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter.
  ③What I would suggest is to put off the meeting.
  当主语和表语都是不定式时,其含义一是条件,一是结果(例①)。当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组(例②)时,或以what引导的名词性分句(例③),不定 式说明主语的内容。
  ④Our work is serving the people.
  ⑤What he likes is taking a walk after supper.
  ⑥The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting.
  ④⑤句动名词作表语,与主语部分可以转换,如Serving thepeople is our work,而⑥句中是现在分词作表语,说明主语的性质、状态,现在分词具有形容词的各种特征,另外,动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开来。
五、作状语
  (1)目的状语 
  To… only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)
  He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
  I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
  (2)作结果状语,表事先没有预料到的,要放在句子后面。
  What have I said to make you angry.
  He searched the room only to find nothing.
  (3) 表原因
  I'm glad to see you.
  典型例题
  The chair looks rather hard,but in fact it is very comfortable to ___. 
  A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on
  答案:B. 如果不定式为不及物动词,其后应有必要的
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