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Question

The Changing Nature of Security

1. The concept of traditional security

An examination of the development on security will help us to understand what security is about today. Traditional security refers to the realist theory that was the dominant tool for the analysis of international relations until the end of the Cold War. According to the realist theory states’ concern with security is connected to the international, anarchic environment in which no world government has the power to enforce laws above the state, nor the power to resolve conflicts. The will to secure oneself is born out of a primal fear and a condition of anarchy is therefore created. States must rely on their own efforts in order to be secure or what realists define as the self-help system, as no world government can protect them, and therefore states struggle against each other for power. Security is thus ultimately about the physical danger to states, i.e. their survival. Security is according to realism closely connected to states’ military power and ability to enforce their will.

The end of the Cold War sparked off a heated debate within international relations on how the concept of security should be defined. Criticism was raised against the narrow scope of security studies and its isolation from mainstream IR and social sciences. Further criticism followed and in the early 1990s many researcher agreed that in the past security studies had included an unnecessarily restricted realm but there was no consent on what had been wrong with the previous approach. The agreement was that a re-evaluation of security studies was necessary in order for the discipline to stay relevant in the post-Cold War environment and thus critical security studies was brought to the forefront.
论环境经济新政策
什么是环境经济政策？是指按照市场经济规律的要求，运用价格、税收、财政、信贷、收费、保险等经济手段，调节或影响市场主体的行为，以实现经济建设与环境保护协调发展的政策手段。它以内化环境行为的外部性为原则，对各类市场主体进行基于环境资源利益的调整，从而建立保护和可持续利用资源环境的激励和约束机制。与传统行政手段的“外部约束”相比，环境经济政策是一种“内在约束”力量，具有促进环保技术创新、增强市场竞争力、降低环境治理成本与行政监控成本等优点。
根据控制对象的不同，环境经济政策包括：控制污染的经济政策，如排污收费；用于环境基础设施的政策，如污水和垃圾处理收费；保护生态环境的政策，如生态补偿和区域公平。根据政策类型分，环境经济政策又包括：市场创建手段，如排污交易；环境税费政策，如环境税、排污收费、使用者付费；金融和资本市场手段，如绿色信贷、绿色保险；财政激励手段，如对环保技术开发和使用给予财政补贴；当然还有以生态补偿为目的的财政转移支付手段等等。

将英文翻译成中文，将中文翻译成英文。
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不要网站上自动翻译的
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Answer 1

不断变化的安全性质
1.传统安全的概念
发展的考试在安全的将帮助我们了解什么安全今天是。传统安全提到是为对国际关系的分析的统治工具直到冷战的结尾的现实主义者理论。根据现实主义者理论状态’ 关心安全被连接到世界政府没有力量强制执行法律在状态之上的国际, 无政府主义的环境, 亦不力量解决冲突。意愿获取自己是出生出于最初恐惧并且无政府状态的条件创造因此。状态必须依靠他们自己的努力为了是安全或什么现实主义者定义作为自助系统, 因为世界政府无法保护他们, 并且因此状态为力量奋斗互相反对。安全最后是因而关于物理危险对状态, 即他们的生存。安全是根据现实主义严密被连接到状态’ 军事力量和能力强制执行他们的意志。 冷战的结尾发了火花一次热烈的辩论在国际关系之内关于怎样安全的概念应该被定义。批评被上升了反对狭窄的范围安全研究和它的隔离从主流IR 和社会科学。 进一步批评被跟随和在90 年代初期许多研究员同意, 在过去安全研究包括一个多余地有限的领土但没有同意在什么是错误的以早先方法。协议是, 安全研究的再估价是必要的为了学科停留相关在冷战后环境里和重要安全研究因而被带来了给最前方
By environment economy new policy
What is the environment economic policy? Is refers according to themarket economy rule request, the utilization price, the tax revenue,the finance, the credit, the charge, the insurance and so on theeconomical method, the adjustment or affects the market main body thebehavior, realizes the economic development and the environmentalprotection coordinated development policy methodIn it the environment behavior exterior nature is a principle, carrieson to each kind of market main body based on the environment resourcesbenefit adjustment, thus establishment protection and sustainable useresources environment drive and restraint mechanism. "Exteriorrestraint" compares with the traditional administration method, theenvironment economic policy is one kind "the intrinsic restraint" thestrength, has the promotion environmental protection technologyinnovation, strengthens the market competition strength, reducesenvironment merit and so on government cost and administrativemonitoring cost.

According to the controlled member difference, the environmenteconomic policy includes: Control pollution economic policy, if dumpspollutants to collect fees; Uses in the environment infrastructurepolicy, like sewage and garbage disposal charge; Protection ecologicalenvironment policy, if the ecology compensates with the region isfair. Divides according to the policy type, the environment economicpolicy includes: Market foundation method, if dumps pollutants thetransaction; The environment tax spends the policy, like theenvironment tax, dumps pollutants to collect fees, the user paysexpenses; Financial and capital market method, like green credit,green insurance; Finance means of incentive, if gives the financialsubsidy to the environmental protection technology development and theuse; Certainly also has take the ecology compensates as goal financialshift payment means and so on.

Answer 2

安全的改变的自然1。 一发展在安全上的检查将帮助我们理解保安是大约今天什么的传统安全的概念。 传统的安全指直到冷战的结束是国际关系的分析的有势力的工具的现实主义者理论。 根据有安全的现实主义者理论统计资料的关心连接国际，无政府环境， 没有世界政府有权力在国家上方实施法律，也不解决冲突的权力。 保护自己的意愿天生离开一原始恐惧和一无政府状态的状态因此创造。 状态必须作为任何世界政府都没有依赖他们为了安全的自己努力或者现实主义者确定为自助系统的 能保护他们， 因此国家为能力和彼此斗争。 最后如此安全大约那些物质危险说明， 即他们的生存。 安全根据紧密连接统计资料的军事力量和实施他们的意愿的能力的现实主义。 的结束冷战导致一加热的辩论在国际关系关于保安的概念确定内。 批评反对狭窄安全的范围引起研究和它的隔离从主流IR 和社会科学那里。 更进一步的批评跟随， 并且在20世纪90年代初很多研究人员同意 过去的那安全研究已经包括不必要限制的王国，但是关于与这种以前的方法错误的没有同意。 协议那个 对安全研究的再评估为了纪律是必要的在后冷战时期环境保持相关， 因此批判性的安全研究被带来到最前部。

Answer 3

安全的改变的本质

1. 传统安全的概念

发展的考试在安全的将帮助我们了解什么安全今天是。传统安全提到是为对国际关系的分析的统治工具直到冷战的结尾的现实主义者理论。根据现实主义者理论状态’ 关心安全被连接到世界政府没有力量强制执行法律在状态之上的国际, 无政府主义的环境, 亦不力量解决冲突。意愿获取自己是出生出于最初恐惧并且无政府状态的条件创造因此。状态必须依靠他们自己的努力为了是安全或什么现实主义者定义作为自助系统, 因为世界政府无法保护他们, 并且因此状态为力量奋斗互相反对。安全最后是因而关于物理危险对状态, 即他们的生存。安全是根据现实主义严密被连接到状态’ 军事力量和能力强制执行他们的意志。

冷战的结尾发了火花一次热烈的辩论在国际关系之内关于怎样安全的概念应该被定义。批评被上升了反对狭窄的范围安全研究和它的隔离从主流IR 和社会科学。进一步批评随后了而来并且在90 年代初期许多研究员同意在过去安全研究包括一个多余地有限的领土但没有同意在什么是错误的以早先方法。协议是, 安全研究的再估价是必要的为了学科停留相关在冷战后环境里和重要安全研究因而被带来了给最前方。

On environmental and economic policies
What is the economic policy environment? Refers to the law in accordance with the requirements of the market economy, the use of prices, taxation, financial, credit, fees, insurance, and other economic means, regulate or influence the main players in the market, in order to achieve economic development and environmental protection coordinated development of policy instruments. It acts within the external environment on the principle of the various market-based environmental resources main interests of the adjustments, so as to establish conservation and sustainable use of resources and the environment incentive and restraint mechanisms. With the traditional administrative means, "external constraint," the environment economic policy is a kind of "internal constraints" forces, with the promotion of environmental technology innovation, improve their market competitiveness, reduce environmental monitoring treatment costs and administrative cost advantages.
Under the control of different objects, including economic policy environment: pollution control economic policies, such as sewage charges; for environmental infrastructure policy, such as sewage and waste disposal charges; protection of the ecological environment policy, such as ecological compensation and regional fair. Under the type of policy, the environment and economic policies, including: the creation of the market means, such as emissions trading, environmental taxes and charges policy, such as environmental taxes, charges, user fees; financial and capital market instruments, such as green credit, Green insurance; Financial incentives, such as the development and use of environmental technologies to give financial subsidies; of course, the purpose of an ecological compensation for the transfer of financial means of payment, and so on.

Answer 4

安全的改变的本质 1. 传统安全的概念 发展的考试在安全的将帮助我们了解什么安全今天是。传统安全提到是为对国际关系的分析的统治工具直到冷战的结尾的现实主义者理论。根据现实主义者理论状态的关心安全被连接到世界政府没有力量强制执行法律在状态之上的国际, 无政府主义的环境, 亦不力量解决冲突。意愿获取自己是出生出于最初恐惧并且无政府状态的条件创造因此。状态必须依靠他们自己的努力为了是安全或什么现实主义者定义作为自助系统, 因为世界政府无法保护他们, 并且因此状态为力量奋斗互相反对。安全最后是因而关于物理危险对状态, 即他们的生存。安全是根据现实主义严密被连接到状态的军事力量和能力强制执行他们的意志。 冷战的结尾发了火花一次热烈的辩论在国际关系之内关于怎样安全的概念应该被定义。批评被上升了反对狭窄的范围安全研究和它的隔离从主流IR 和社会科学。进一步批评随后了而来并且在90 年代初期许多研究员同意在过去安全研究包括一个多余地有限的领土但没有同意在什么是错误的以早先方法。协议是, 安全研究的再估价是必要的为了学科停留相关在冷战后环境里和重要安全研究因而被带来了给最前方。

In terms of new environment economy policy, what is environment economic policy? Be to refer to the
request according to market economy law , wield price , tax revenue , financial credit, economic
means such as charging , buying insurance, the behavior adjusting or affecting the marketplace main
body's , the policy means in order to realizing economic development and environmental protection
coordinated growth. It turns environment behavior outside into principle within, the adjustment
being in progress to all kinds of market entities environment resource benefit-based , the
incentive and restraint mechanism building protection and the sustainable use resource environment
thereby. Comparing with tradition administrative means "outside constraint ", environment economic
policy is that one kind of "inherence restrains " a strength , has merit such as boosting an
environmental protection technology being innovative , strengthening marketplace competition ,
reducing comprehensive ecological improvement cost and administration monitoring cost. Different
according to the controlled member, environment economic policy includes: Control the economic
policy contaminating, if drain contamination charges; Be used for environment infrastructural
facilities policy, if foul water and the refuse disposal charge; Policy preserving the ecological
environment, if organism's habits compensation and area are fair. According to policy type, mark,
environment economic policy includes: The marketplace establishes a means, if drain contamination
trades; Environment tax is policy-consuming, if environment tax , charge for drain contamination ,
a user pay; Finance and capital market means, if green credit , green buy insurance; Finance
stimulates means, to develop and to be put into use giving fiscal subsidies if to the environmental
protection technology; Certainly still have the transfer payment means taking organism's habits
compensation as purpose waiting a minute