用英语翻译一下

Question

文化唯物理论：
哈里斯所要证明的不是某些环境特征是特定文化特征演化的直接原因，而是在环境所施加的物质条件下，所有文化特征都有了生态意义。然而，他的文化特征是适应环境产物这一观点，使他的学派仍属于环境决定论。哈里斯的文化唯物论的环境决定论色彩更浓，因为它更全面地考虑文化现象之间的相互联系，从而使决定论的线索在凡是可以找到这种联系的地方都存在。
马文哈里斯对文化唯物论最好的例证是印度教对牛肉的禁忌，论证了印度人不杀生原则应用于圣牛的一些生态功能：
用瘦弱的公牛用耕地——受土地、生产潜力和生活水平的限制，可以保持低水平的农业生产，养好牛就等于夺他们的口粮。
用牛粪施肥——改良土地。这对于贫瘠土地的农耕生产是不可或缺的。
粪肥作燃料——弥补烧煤费用高和燃烧慢的不足。
保持不杀生的宗教教规有很好的生态功能，它提供了一种有价值的资源，这种不能不遵守的宗教对适应其环境的印度社会文化起了重大作用。
文化唯物论把适应环境作为最重要的解释机制，目的是通过追溯各种技术、居住模式、宗教信仰、礼仪等文化特征同环境因素的联系来论证它们适应环境的、唯物的合理性。
优点：哈里斯的文化唯物论避免了斯图尔德把文化特征划分为文化核心和外围部分所引起的理论和方法上的困难。
哈里斯的文化唯物论对文化的解释是以合理性为依据，而不是以因果关系为依据，环境决定论的色彩更浓。
主客位研究方法：
哈里斯认为，使用“客观的”和“主观的”这两个范畴来研究社会现象，常常会得出不恰当的结论或者引起混乱。因为一般的唯物论者会断言“客观的”就是科学的，而“主观的”就是非科学的。但是，实际研究中，参与者本身的角度和从旁观者的角度来考虑。第一种情况下，旁观者使用对参与者富有意义的、适合于他们的概念和分类；第一种情况下，旁观者使用对旁观者富有意义的、适合于他们的概念和分类。进一步讲，旁观者和参与者的观点都能给以客观的或主观的说明，而这两种角度都是科学的。为避免混乱，他建议使用“主位方法”和“客位方法”的概念。

Answer 1

Materialist theory of culture:
Harris proved to be not certain environment characterized by specific cultural characteristics of the evolution of the direct cause, but the environment imposed by the material conditions, all the characteristics of both the ecological and cultural significance. However, his cultural identity is a product of the environment to adapt to this view, he is still in the school environment determinism. Harris cultural materialism environmental determinism Gengnong color, as it more fully into account the cultural phenomenon between, so that the decision of the clues can be found in any place where such a link exists.
Marvin Harris cultural materialism is the best example of the Hindu taboo on beef, demonstrates the principle of Indians do not kill the cattle used in a number of eco-saint:
Thin with the Bulls with arable land - by land, the production potential and limitations of the standard of living can be maintained at a low level of agricultural production, cattle raising is equivalent to a good away their rations.
Fertilization with cow dung - to improve the land. This is barren land, agricultural production is essential.
Manure as fuel - to make up for the high cost of coal burning and slow enough.
Do not keep killing the religious rules have a good ecological function, it provides a valuable resource, which can not fail to comply with the religion to adapt to their environment, socio-cultural India has played a major role.
Cultural materialism to adapt to the environment as the most important mechanism to explain the purpose of retrospective, through a variety of technology, living patterns, religious beliefs, rituals and cultural characteristics, such as the link with environmental factors to prove that they adapt to the environment, the rationality of materialism.
Advantages: the culture of materialism Harris Steward to avoid the division of cultural identity as a cultural core and peripheral parts caused by the theoretical and methodological difficulties.
Harris culture of materialism and cultural interpretation is based on rationality, rather than a causal relationship as the basis for environmental decision on the color of Gengnong.
Subject-object-study method:
Harris believes that the use of "objective" and "subjective" these are the two areas to study the social phenomenon often not appropriate to draw conclusions or cause confusion. Because of the materialism that would be "objective" is a scientific, and "subjective" is non-scientific. However, the actual study, the participants in their own point of view and from a spectator's point of view. The first case, the use of spectators on the participants meaningful, appropriate to their concepts and categories; the first case, the use of bystander bystander meaningful for them to the concepts and categories. Furthermore, the spectators and participants can give an objective point of view or subjective description, and both are scientific point of view. To avoid confusion, he suggested that the use of "thematic approach" and "class approach".

Answer 2

Cultural materialist theory: Harris will prove not certain environmental characteristics are specific cultural characteristics of the direct cause, but the evolution of the pressure in the environment of material conditions, all cultural characteristics are the ecological significance. However, his cultural characteristics is adapt to the environment, make the product of his school still belongs to the environmental determinism. Harris culture in terms of environmental determinism, colour is more strong, because it is more comprehensive consideration of the relationship between cultural phenomenon, which makes the clues in the case of determinism to find the place. Marvin Harris on cultural materialism is the best example of beef taboo, Hindu indians demonstrated killing principle applied to some of the ecological functions of the holy cow: With the bulls with thin farmland by land, production potential and level of living limitation, can keep a low level of agricultural production, keep good cows equals to plunder their rations. Use the dung -- improved land fertilizer. This land for farming production is indispensable. Manure as fuel for coal, high cost and burning slowly. Keep not to kill the religious cannon has very good ecological function, it provides a valuable resource, this must comply to adapt to the environment of religious social culture in India have played an important role. Cultural materialism to adapt to the environment as the most important purpose is explained by tracing, mechanism of technology, residential pattern, religious beliefs, such cultural characteristics of contact with the environmental factors to demonstrate their adapt to the environment, and the rationality of materialism. Advantages: the cultural materialism to avoid the Harris Stewart into the cultural characteristics of the core and the outer part of the culture of the theory and method of caused difficulties. Harris culture to culture explanation is materialism rationality as basis, not causality, according to the environmental determinism color more concentrated. Methods: a subjective Harris, use "objective" and "subjective" these two categories to study social phenomenon, often draw inappropriate conclusion or confusion. Because the general materialists will assert "objective", and "is the science of science is subjective. However, the actual research, participants from the Angle of itself and observers to consider. The first kind of circumstance, the use of onlookers participants meaningful, suitable for their concept and sorting. The first kind of circumstance, the use of onlookers onlookers meaningful, suitable for their concept and classification. Further, onlookers and participants view can be given objective or subjective, but the two angles are all science. To avoid confusion, he suggested use "the method" and "management methods" concept.

Answer 3

寒。。。