第2个回答 2009-05-12
曹操的功绩
曹操在北方屯田，兴修水利，解决了军粮缺乏的问题，对农业生产的恢复有一定作用；用人唯才，打破世族门第观念，罗致地主阶级中下层人物，抑制豪强，加强集权。所统治的地区社会经济得到恢复和发展。精于兵法，著《孙子略解》、《兵书接要》等书。善诗歌，《蒿里行》、《观沧海》等篇抒发自己的政治抱负，并反映汉末人民的苦难生活，气魄雄伟，慷慨悲凉，他在政治上的功绩亦是不凡。
曹操统一北方的积极作用。 前已叙及，东汉王朝后期，由于政治黑暗，社会生产遭到严重破坏，人民无法生活，终于爆发了轰轰烈烈的黄巾大起义。但在当时的历史条件下，农民起义不可能取得最终的胜利，继之而来的是东汉王朝的解体和军阀混战。在混战中，不仅董卓、李傕等凉州军阀到处屠杀人民，抢劫财物，就是打着勤王旗号的东方将领也“纵兵钞掠”。因而普遍出现了“民人相食，州里萧条”的荒凉景象。这种情况的造成，除了应当归罪于东汉王朝的反动统治外，镇压农民起义和破坏社会生产的军阀，自然也是不可饶恕的罪首。但相对的说，各军阀之间，毕竟还是有所差别的。拿曹操来说，他虽然镇压过农民起义和滥杀过无辜人民，但从他在政治、军事、经济各方面的表现来看，他比被他消灭的那些军阀还是胜过一筹的。比如他推行屯田，兴修水利，实行盐铁官卖制度，对社会经济的恢复和经济的整顿起了积极作用。这些都将在谈论经济时再介绍。
曹操一开始走上仕途就试图用比较严格的法律改变当时权豪横行的情况。但由于祸害根子在中央，操无法施展自己的意图。到他自己掌握政权以后，才得全面推行抑制豪强的法治政策。他说：“夫刑，百姓之命也”；“拨乱之政，以刑为先”。他起用王修、司马芝、杨沛、吕虔、满宠、贾逵等地方官吏，抑制不法豪强。如果把袁绍和曹操在冀州先后推行的治术加以比较，就可以看出两种不同的情况：“汉末政失于宽，绍以宽济宽，故不摄”。在袁绍的宽纵政策下，“使豪强擅恣、亲戚兼并，下民贫弱，代出租赋，炫鬻家财，不足应命”。这样，自然不能使“百姓亲附，甲兵强盛”。所以袁绍虽地较大、兵较多、粮较足，终为操所败。操得冀州后，立即“重豪强兼并之法”，因而收到了比较能使“百姓喜悦”的效果。我们只要翻看一下《三国志·魏志》，就可以看出在操统治下，从中央到地方的政治面貌和社会风气都与以前有所不同。朝中既少有倾轧营私的大臣；地方上恣意妄为而不受惩罚的官吏和豪强也受到一定程度的抑制。司马光说操“化乱为治”，并非无据。而且操用人不重虚誉，他选用的官员要“明达法理”，能行法治。操还提倡廉洁，他用崔琰、毛玠掌管选举，“其所举用，皆清正之士，虽于时有盛名而行不由本者，终莫得进。务以俭率人，由是天下之士莫不以廉节自励，虽贵宠之臣，舆服不敢过度”。于是社会风气有所好转。
与推行法治政策相辅而行的是操力图集权于己，不容许臣下有结党行为。他下令说：“今清时，但当尽忠于国，效力王事，虽私结好于他人，用千匹绢，万石谷，犹无所益”。操为了监视群臣，设置“校事”。这件事受到大臣反对，认为“非居上信下之旨”。操对此加以解释说：“要能刺举而办众事，使贤人君子为之，则不能也”。所谓“贤人君子”，主要指世家大臣，他们累世为官，枝连叶附，名望和势力很大。操对之一方面不能不加以笼络，使之居上位而不予实权；一方面也利用出身微贱的校事来检查他们的行动。至于这样做有无必要呢？我们可以用日后孙权的话来回答。孙权说：“长文（陈群字）之徒，昔所以能守善者，以操笮其头，畏操成严，故竭心尽意，不敢为非”。孙权也仿效操设校事一职，可知在当时情况下，设置监视大臣行动的校事，以防汉末和袁绍集团内大臣结党拉派的重演，还是不无道理的。从曹魏政权的内部结构看，世家大臣最多，潜在的危险也较重。曹操为自身及子孙计，设置校事以伺察大臣，虽有些苛刻和搞权术，但不这样，是难以制服他们的。史称：“曹公性严，掾属公事，往往加杖”。操还令诸将家属居邺，以防其叛己外逃，都是操与属下存在着隔阂与矛盾的反映。
总起来看，黄河流域在曹操统治下，政治有一定程度的清明，经济逐步恢复，阶级压迫稍有减轻，社会风气有所好转。所以我们说操之统一北方及其相应采取的一些措施还是具有积极作用的。
下面是英文翻译
Caocao achievements
Cao Cao Dynasty in the north, irrigation, solved the problem of the shortage of rations, on the resumption of agricultural production have a certain effect; meritocratic, breaking the concept of family status世族LAW Chi-landlord class in the middle and lower figures, inhibition豪强to strengthen centralized. Rule by the socio-economic recovery and development. Good at Art of War, the "Master Sun's Brief", "兵书access to" and other books. Good poetry, "Artemisia Lane" and "View of the sea" and other articles to express their own political aspirations, and reflect the suffering of the people living in the Late Han Dynasty, the magnificent spirit, generosity desolate, he in politics is also remarkable achievements.
Cao Cao's unification of the positive role of the North. Syria and before, the late Eastern Han Dynasty, as a result of political darkness, of social production was severely damaged, and the people can not live, and finally the outbreak of a vigorous uprising黄巾large. However, the historical conditions at that time, the peasant uprising could not have been the final victory, followed from the disintegration of the Eastern Han Dynasty and warlordism. In the melee, not only Dong Zhuo, Li Liangzhou傕warlords and other people around the massacres, looting of property, that is, under the banner of the Eastern Emperor Qinwang generals also "note纵兵plunder." Thus the prevalence of the "people's people with food, depressed states," a scene of desolation. The result of this situation, in addition should be attributed to the reactionary rule of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the suppression of peasant uprisings and the destruction of the warlords of social production, natural is the first sin unforgivable. However, relatively speaking, between the warlords, after all, still have differences. Cao Cao is holding, even though he had to suppress the peasant uprising and the killing of innocent people, but in his political, military and economic performance, he was the elimination of those warlords, he is still better than a waiting. For example, he introduced Dynasty, irrigation, the implementation of Salt and Iron Crown land sales system, on the socio-economic recovery and economic restructuring has played a positive role. These will be introduced again when talking about the economy.
Cao Cao began to embark on a career on trying to use more stringent law was the right to change the situation in wild-ho. However, due to the harmful effects of root in the center, the parade can not be the intention of their own. To his own power only after a full implementation of the rule of law policy of suppression豪强. He said: "Cardiff Court, ordered people also"; "set aside the political chaos in order to sentence first." WANG Xiu-he use,司马芝, Yang Pei, Lu Qian,满宠, such as贾逵local officials to curb illegal豪强. If Jizhou Yuan Shao and Cao Cao in the implementation of the rule has to compare the operation, it can be seen two different situations: "the end of Han government lost in the wide, wide Shaozeng relief to wide, it is not taken." Yuan Shao indulge in the policy, "to throw off restraint豪强good, relatives merger, under the poor and weak people, on behalf of rental Fu, Hyun vend money less than should be life." In this way, nature can not be the "pro-people laws,甲兵strong." Therefore, to Yuan Shao, although larger forces are more than enough food, and finally defeated for the parade by. Jizhou was speaking immediately after the "merger of豪强Law", which can receive a relatively "happy people" effect. As long as we look at "Romance of the Three Kingdoms Wei," can be seen in the parade under the rule of the central and local political landscape and society are different from the past. Little strife in both North Korea's minister of feather one's nest; local arbitrariness and impunity for officials and豪强has also been a certain degree of inhibition. Sima Guang Cao said, "for the rule of chaos", I do not have no. But do not re-employing virtual parade reputation, his choice of officials to "informed legal principle", to exercise the rule of law. Exercise also promotes clean, he崔琰, Mao Jie in charge of elections, "they give, and all honest people, although in line from time to time and are not governed by this reputation, the end to get Mo. Treasury rates to thrifty people, by the士莫all over the world not to honest self-section, although your pet's Hill,舆服dare not excessive. " So society has improved.
Coordinate the implementation of the rule of law and policy is trying to speak on the centralization of power has been and can not be under许臣behavior of gangs. He ordered that: "When this clearance, but loyal to the country, the effectiveness of王事, though better than the others, the private node, using silk 1000, 10000 Valley, still no benefit." In order to monitor群臣parade, set up "school thing." For this, he was minister opposed the "non-Habitat under the letter of purpose." Be explained on this parade, said: "Spurs should be able to do many things and give to worthy gentleman was, it can not be also." The so-called "worthy gentleman", mainly referring to a family of ministers and their officials累世, Zhilian leaves attached, a great reputation and influence. On the one hand, speaking of the win over can not be so UN-PC without power; on the one hand, also used the school bastardly thing to check their actions. As for whether or not to do so necessary? We can use the future to answer, then Sun Quan. Sun Quan said: "The long text (Chen words) of the believers, they are able to celecoxib Shoushan so as to narrow its first parade, Wei Cao Yan-cheng, it is intended to make竭心, non-dare." Sun Quan also follow the parade for the post of school things, know that in the circumstances, the Minister set up to monitor school operations, and to prevent the end of the Han Dynasty and Yuan Shao group gangs minister sent a repeat of pull, or some truth in this. Power from the internal structure of Cao Wei, the family minister of the most serious potential risk. Cao Cao for their own and future generations in terms of things to set up school伺察minister, though some harsh and engage in trickery, but not this way, it is difficult to uniform them. Known as: "of Yan Tso, an official auxiliary, often increases stick." Speaking family members also make home Ye诸将to prevent the flight of its own disaffection are speaking and there is a gap under a reflection of and contradictions.
Overall, the Yellow River Basin under the rule of the Cao Cao, a certain degree of political Ching Ming, the economy gradually recovering, class oppression slightly reduced, the social atmosphere has improved. Therefore, we speak of reunification, said the North and the corresponding number of measures taken or will have a positive effect.