现在完成时的具体用法，持续性动词，瞬间性动词

Question

如题所述

Answer 1

一、现在完成时的构成
　（一）肯定式
主语＋助动词have ／has ＋过去分词＋其它
说明：这里的have ／has是助动词，没有什么具体意义。当主语是第三人称单数时助动词用has，其余人称一律用have。 has，have的缩略式分别为's或've。规则动词过去分词的构成与过去式的构成方式一样，不规则动词可参看不规则动词表。实例：
1）I've just copied all the new words ．我刚抄写了所有的生词。 (表示不要再抄了)
2）She has lost her books ．她丢失了她的书。 （表示到目前为止还没有找到）
(如果用过去时：She lost her books . 则强调书是过去丢的这一动作，而不知现在有没有找到)
3）We've just cleaned the classroom ．我们刚好打扫了教室。（表明现在教室是干净的）
（二）否定式
主语＋助动词have ／has＋not＋过去分词＋其它
说明：现在完成时构成否定句时，只需在助动词have ／has后面加not就行。have not，has not的缩略式分别为haven't ，hasn't。另外，肯定句中有some，already时，改为否定时要分别改成any，yet。实例：
1）I haven't finished my homework yet．我还没有完成我的作业。
2）She hasn't travelled on a train ．她没有坐火车旅行过。
3）We have never spoken to a foreigner．我们从来没有和外国人说过话。
注：有时not可以用never代替，表示“从来没有”的意思。又如：
4）I have never seen him before．以前我从来没有见过他。
（三）一般疑问式
助动词Have ／Has ＋主语＋过去分词＋其它 ？
说明：把陈述句中的have或has放到句首，句末打问号，同时把句中的some ，already改为any ，ye t就构成了一般疑问句。肯定回答用“Yes ，主语＋have／has．否定回答用“No，主语＋haven't／hasn't．”有时也可以用“No，not yet．／No ，never．／No，not even once．”等。实例：
1）—Have you ever made dumplings ？你曾经做过饺子吗？
　 —Yes ，I have ．是的，我做过。
2）—Has she ever been abroad ？她曾经出过国吗？
—No，never．不，从来没有。
3）—Have they found the lost books yet ？他们已经找到了丢失的书吗？
—Yes ，they have．是的，他们找到了。
注意：当句中有否定词not ，hardly（几乎不），never的时候，在改为反意疑问句时，附加部分用肯定形式。例如：You have never come to our school ，have you ？你以前从来没有来过我们学校，是吗？
二、现在完成时的用法
（一）现在完成时的用法1：表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。此时，常与时间副词already（已经） ，yet（还、已经） ，just(刚刚、仅仅) ，ever（曾经） ，never（从不） ，before（以前）等连用。这几个副词的用法如下：
1．already意为“已经”，通常用于肯定句中，可放在助动词之后，过去分词之前，也可以放在句末。实例：
1）I've already read this book. 我已经读过这本书了。
（“读”这一动作发生在过去，对现在造成的影响是“知道书中的内容”。）
2）I've washed my clothes already．我已经洗了衣服。
（洗衣服的动作已完成，其结果是“衣服冼干净了”。）
注意：在表示吃惊或明知故问等感情色彩时，already也可用于（口语）疑问句中。实例：
3）Have you met him already ？你（真的）已经见过他了？
2．yet用在疑问句中意为“已经”，用在否定句中意为“还”，常放在句末。实例：
1）—Has he found his watch yet ？他已经找到他的手表了吗？
—No，not yet．不，还没有。
2）The woman hasn't found her dog yet ．
那位妇女还没有找到她的狗。（没找到狗，心里着急，这就是对现在的影响）
3．just意为“刚刚”，表示行为刚刚过去，常放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例：
He has just come back from school ．他刚从学校回来。
4．ever意为“曾经”，用于疑问句或否定句中，放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例：
1）Have you ever been to Hong Kong ？你曾去过香港吗？
2）I haven't ever spoken to her．我未曾和她说过话。
5．never意为“从来没有”常与before连用（before要放在句尾，而never多放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例：
I have never travelled by plane before．我以前从来没有乘飞机旅行过。
6．before意为“以前”，指过去不确定的某个时间，总是放在句末，不受句型的限制。实例：
1）Have you been to Hainan before ？你以前去过海南吗？
2）I haven't eaten Guangdong food before．我以前没吃过广东菜。
（二）现在完成时用法二2——持续性用法（肯定句，疑问句中谓语动词必须是延续性动词）：表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。此时常与“for ＋一段时间或“since＋过去的点时间或从句（从句用一般过去时）以及so far（到目前为止）等时间状语连用。
for + 段时间
since +点时间
实例：
1）I've lived here since 1990．自从1990年以来我就住在这里。
= I've lived here since 13 years ago.
= I've lived here for 13 years.
= It is 13 years since I began to live here.
2）I haven't seen him for three years ．我三年没有看见他了。
= I haven't seen him since three years ago
= I haven't seen him since 2000.
= It is 3 years since I saw him last time.
3）Mr Wang has worked in the factory since he came to the city ．
自从到这个城市以来，王先生一直在这家工厂工作。
4）She's been at this school since five years ago．
自从五年前以来她就在这个学校。
注意：①在这类句子的肯定句和疑问句中谓语动词必须用延续性动词。短暂性动词由于动作不能持续，故不能与for(达到；累计)或since（自从。。。到现在）引出的时间状语连用。
②对for和since引导的时间状语提问要用How long
1） 他入团两年了。
误：He has joined the League for two years．
正：He has been a League member for two years．
2）我买这辆自行车三年了。
误：I have bought this bike for three years．
正：I have had this bike for three years．
2） ▲部分短暂性动词与之对应的延续性动词：
短暂性动词 延续性动词
die → be dead
borrow → keep
buy/catch → have
get up → be up
come → be in
finish → be over
leaver → be away
open → be open
close → be closed
begin → be on
become interested in → be interested in
有人可能会问：一般过去时和现在完成时所表示的动作都发生在过去，那么这两种时态有什么区别呢？
☆答：①一般过去时与具体的表示过去时间状语如：yesterday连用；强调动作在过去发生，与现在无关。
②现在完成时与自已的特征词连用，强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响或过去开始发生一直持续到现在的动作。
例： He saw the film last night. (过去时，表示他昨晚看过那部电影了，现在不知还要不要再看一次)
He has (ever) seen the film before.（现在\完成时，表时他已看过那部电影，现在不想再看了）
巩固练习：
I．按要求转换下列各句，每空一词。
1、He has already finished his homework．（改为否定句）
He _______ finished his homework ________．
2．They have found the lost books already．（改为一般疑问句，并作否定回答）
______ they _______ the lost books _______？No，they________．
3．Julia has not got home from school yet．（改为肯定句）
Julia ______ _______ ________ home from school ．
4．You have never been to Shanghai before，_________ _________ ？（改为反意疑问句）
5. He’s gone to Beijing, ______ ______?（改为反意疑问句）
6．Mr Wang began to teach English in this school in 1999．（改为同义句）
Mr Wang _________ _________ English in this school since 1999．
7. He hasn’t left home for 3 days.(同义句)
He _____ ______ ______ home for 3 days.
8. They have lived here since 3 years ago. (对划线提问)

II．选择正确答案。
( )1．—Who is Mary ？
—____？I saw you talking with her at the meeting ．
A．Don't you meet her yet B．Didn't you met her yet
C．Haven't you met her yet D．Hadn't you met her yet
( )2．—How do you like Beijing ，Mr Black？
—Oh ，I ____ such a beautiful city ．
A．don't visit B．didn't visit
C．haven't visited D．hadn't visited
( )3．The old people ____ lonely at all since we began to visit them once a week．
A．don't feel B．hasn't felt
C．haven't felt D.didn’t feel
( ) 4．We have lived here ____ five years ago．
A．when B．since C．before D．after
11.11 用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。
　 It is the first time that I have visited the city.
　 It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.
　 This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.
　　　 这是我看过的最好的电影。
　 This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.　这是我第一次听他唱歌。
典型例题
(1) ---Do you know our town at all?　
　 ---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was　 B. have been　 C. came　 D. am coming
　 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。
(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
　 ---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come　 B. even, have come　　C. ever, come　 D. ever, have come
　 答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。
　 注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
（错）I have received his letter for a month.
（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.

Answer 2

初中英语现在完成时用法及综合练习

现在完成时的构成：助动词have（has）+ 过去分词
1．表示过去发生或完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。例如：
I have just cleaned my clothes. 我刚洗过衣服。（“洗衣服”是发生在过去的动作，对现在造成的结果是“衣服干净了”）
现在完成时常用的时间状语有： already （”已经”  用于肯定句的中间和末尾处）
never  (“从不”  用于中间处)
ever （”曾经”  用于疑问句和肯定句的中间处）
just (“刚刚”  用于中间处)
yet (“已经”  用于疑问句的末尾处 / “还”  用于否定句的末尾处)
或不加任何的时间状语，但不能和表示过去的时间状语连用.
现在完成时与一般过去时的用法比较
现在完成时表示过去的动作一直延续到现在甚至会继续下去或表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响，强调的是影响；一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作。试比较：The plane has arrived . 飞机已经来了。（说明现在的情况：飞机在这儿）The plane arrived a quarter ago. 飞机是一刻中以前来的。（强调动作发生的时间在过去）I have taught here for fifteen years. 我在这儿已经教了十五年。（表示十五年前的动作一直延续到现在，还可能会继续。）I taught here for a year. 我过去在这儿教过一年。（表示“我“现在已经不在这儿任教了）
一般过去时 常与具体的表示过去的时间状语连用; 现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语: yesterday, last week，…ago, in1990, in October, just now等-- 具体的时间状语 现在完成时的时间状语: for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in the past few years, recently, … --模糊的时间状语
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过 去时
　 （错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.　 （对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
练习：I．翻译下列句子：1.  你曾经吃过鱼和薯条吗？2.  我刚刚丢了我的化学书。3.  我以前从来没去过那个农场。4.  他已经吃过午饭了。5.  你已经看过这部电影了吗？6.  我哥哥还没回来。7.  我上星期看过这部电影。8.  在1992年他住在这里。II． 用过去时或现在完成时填空：1. “_________ you __________ (have) lunch ?”    “Yes.”  “When ________ you __________ (have) it?”  “I ____________ (have) it at 12:00.”2. “_________ you __________ (write) a letter to your aunt yet?”  “Yes, I ___________.  I ________________ (write) one last week.”3. “_________ he ___________ (finish) his homework?”    “Not yet.”4. “_________ they ever __________ (be) abroad?”     “Yes, just once.”5. Your father _________ just ___________ (finish) his work.6. Your father _________ (finish) his work just now.7. Last term I __________ (learn) many English words.8. They ____________ (not read) the interesting books yet.9. He _____________ never ____________ (go) to the science museum.10. ____________ you ever ____________ (drink) coke?11. “____________ you _____________ (buy) a dictionary? “  “Yes, I __________ .”   “Where __________ you _____________ (buy) it?”  “ I ___________ (buy) it in a bookstore.”   “When ___________ you _____________ (buy) it?”   “ Yesterday.”since 和 for 的用法表示过去已经开始持续到现在的动作或状态常用的时间状语有：for, since, how long, so far, these days等。since+过去点的时间，for+一段时间（数词+量词），此划线部分用how long提问。一、since短语或从句表示过去的动作延续至今，since之后的时间为一点。 如：Mr. Smith has worked here since 1984. 1984年以来，史密斯先生一直在这工作。He’s learned about 5,000 English words since he went to college. 他上大学以来大约学了五千个英语单词。二、for短语表示动作延续多长时间，for的宾语为时间段。 如：We have known each other for twenty years. 我们认识有二十年了。I haven’t seen her for a long time. 我好久没有见到她了。练习：用since和for填空1) ______ two years   2) _______ two years ago   3) _______ last month  4) ______ 1999    5) _______ yesterday    6) _______ 4 o’clock7) ______ 4 hours    8) _______ an hour ago   9) _______ we were children 10) _____ lunch time   11) ______ she left here1. He has lived in Nanjing ________ the year before last.2. I’ve known him __________ we were children.3. Our teacher has studied Japanese _________ three years.4. She has been away from the city ___________ about ten years.5. It’s about ten years __________ she left the city.2.短暂性转换延续性①arrive at/in sw. get to/reach sw. come/go/move to sw.→ be in sw./at school/at home/on the farm/be here/be there1)      He got to Beijing five minutes ago.He ________ _________ _________ Beijing for _________ _________.2)      I moved to the USA last year.I ________ ________ __________ the USA since __________ __________.3)      I went home yesterday.I _______ ________ _________ home for _________ __________.4)      They came here last week.They _________ _________ here since _________ __________.②come/go back, return → be back   come/go out → be out1)      He came out two years ago.He _________ __________ _________ for __________ __________.2)      We returned to Fuzhou yesterday.We ________ ________ _________ in Fuzhou since __________.③become → be1)      I became a teacher in 2000.I ________  __________ a teacher for _________ _________.2)      The river became dirty last year.The river _________ _________ dirty for _________ __________.④close → be closed  open → be open1)      The shop closed two hours ago.The shop ________ _________ _________ for _________ _________.2)      The door opened at six in the morning.The door ________ ________ ________ for six hours.⑤get up → be up  die → be dead leave sw. → be away from sw. fall asleep/get to sleep → be asleep finish/end → be over  marry → be married1)      I got up two hours ago.I ________ ________ ________ since ________ _______ ________.2)      He left Fuzhou just now.He _______ ________ ________ _________ Fuzhou for five minutes.3)      My grandpa died in 2002.My grandpa _______ _______ ________for _______ ________.4)      The meeting finished at six.The meeting ________ ______ ______ for six hours.5)      I got to sleep two hours ago.I ________ _________ _________ for _________ __________.6)      They married in 1990.They ________ _________ __________since _________.⑥start/begin to do sth. → do sth.  begin → be on1)      I began to teach at this school in 1995.I ____ ____ at this school since ____.2)      The film began two minutes ago.The film ____ ____ ____ for ____ ____.⑦borrow → keep    lose → not have   buy → have    put on → wear catch/get a cold → have a cold  get to know → know1)      They borrowed it last week.They _________ _________ it since __________ __________.2)      I bought a pen two hours ago.I _________ _________ a pen for ________ __________.3)      I got to know him last year.I _________ __________ him since __________ __________.4)      I put on my glasses three years ago.I __________ __________ my glasses for _________ _________.⑧have/has gone to → have been in1)      He has gone to Beijing.He ____ ____ _____ Beijing for two days.⑨join the league/the Party/the army  → be a league/a Party member/a soldier→ be a member of the league/the Party → be in the league/the Party/the army1)      He joined the league in 2002.He ________ _________ a _________ _________ for two years.He ________ __________ a __________ ___________ the __________ for two years.He ____________ ___________ ___________ the league for two years.2)      My brother joined the army two years ago.My brother __________ __________ a ___________ for ___________ ___________.My brother ___________ ___________ in ____________ ___________ for two years.3.汉译英1）这本字典我已买了三年了。2）他离开中国三年了。3）我认识他们五年了。4）他们已去了美国五年了。5）自从他搬到福州，他就住这儿了。6）他们已经结婚10年。7）我妹妹成为一个大学生已经三年。8）这会已开了多长时间了？9）这门已经关了两天了。10）我入团2年了。    I __________  ___________  ___________ two years ago. I __________  ___________ a  ___________  ___________ for two years. I __________  ___________ a  ___________ of  __________  _________ for two years. I __________  ___________  ____________ the  __________ for two years.11）自从1999年以来他们就认识。12）我来到农场已5年了。4.划线提问1) I have been there for two days.   __________ _________ __________ you __________ __________ ?2)      My father has lived here since 2000._________ _________ __________ your father _________ __________?3)      He left here yesterday._________ ________ he _________ __________?4)      They bought a book two hours ago.__________ ___________ they __________ a book?have been in, have been to 与have gone to 的用法一、have(has) been in 表示“在某地呆多长时间”，常与表示一段时间的状语连用，如：since, for, how long 等。例如：Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days. 布朗先生来上海已经有三天了。此外还有这些搭配：  have been  here (there) /at home (school) /on the farm              have been  here (there) / abroad二、have(has)been to表示“曾经去过某地”，现在已经不在那里了。可与just, ever, never等连用，例如： I have just been to the post office. 我刚才去邮局了。Mary has never been to the Great Wall. 玛丽从未去过长城。Have you ever been to Hangzhou? 你曾经去过杭州吗？have(has) been to 后面可接次数，表示去过某地几次。例如： I have been to Beijing three times. 我去过北京三次。They have been to that village several times. 他们去过那个村庄好几次了。三、have(has) gone to 意为“到某地去了”，表示到了某地或正在去某地的途中。总之，说话时该人不在现场，一般不用第一、第二人称代词作句子的主语。例如：----Where is Tom?    ----He has gone to the bookshop. 汤姆在哪里？他到书店去了。Jack Johnson has gone to London. 杰克.约翰逊到伦敦去了。练习：I. 用have(has) been 或have(has) gone 填空。A: Where ____________ Li Fei ___________?B: He ____________ to Hainan Island.A: How long ___________ he ___________ there?B: He _____________ there for three days.A: When will he come back , do you know?B: I’m afraid he won’t come back recently.A: Could you tell me the way to Hainan Island?B: Sorry, I _________ never ___________ there.A: How many times ___________ Li Fei __________ to that place?B: He _____________ there only once. II. 用have/has been to/in, have gone to及go的各种形式填空。1)      Where is Jack? He __________ his country.2)      David ________ the park just now.3)      John _______ England since he came back.4)      How long _____ have _____ this village?5)      The Smiths ______ Beijing for years.6)      _____ you ever ____ America?      -- Yes, I _____ there many times.7)      I _____ this school since three years ago.8)      Where is Jim? He _____ the farm.9)      When_____ he _____? He _______ an hour ago.10)   Would you like to _____ the zoo with me?   ---Yes, but I _____ there before.11)   Where _____ you _____ now?     --- I ____ the zoo.12)   He often _____ swimming.13)   _____ you ______ there last year?14)   _____ they often ______ skating in winter? III.翻译下列句子：1.       他已经来中国三年多了。2.       他们出国两个月了。3.       我从来没去过长城。4.       你曾经出过国吗？5.       他已经去图书馆了。6.       他来这儿五年了。7.       昨天他去了公园。8.       “你要去哪里？”  “我要去学校。”9.       他常常去游泳。 综合练习: I. 用never, ever, already, yet, for, since填空1.       I have _______ seen him before, so I have no idea about him.2.       Jack has _________ finished his homework ________ an hour ago.3.       Mr. Wang has taught in this school ________ ten years.4.       “Have you ________ seen the film?”   “No, I have ________ seen it.”5.       “Has the bus left _______?”   “Yes, it has _________ left.” II. 翻译下列句子：1.       他们已经打扫了教室吗？2.       我们已经认识有二十年了。3.       打那以后，她一直住在这。4.       “你曾经到过那里吗？”   “不，我从来没到过那里。” III. 用适当的时态填空：1.She’s _____________ (live) here ever since she was ten.2.Both of them ________________ (be) in Hongkong for ten days.3.Both of them ________________ (come) to Hongkong ten days ago.4. Half an hour __________ (pass) since the train __________ (leave).5. Mary________(lose) her pen. ____________ you ______________ (see) it here and there?6. _____________ you ____________ (find) your watch yet?7. ---Are you thirsty?  ---No I _________ just _____________ (have) some orange.8. We _____________already ______________ (return) the book.9. ___________ they ____________ (build) a new school in the village?10. I ________________(not finish) my homework . Can you help me?11. My father _____ (read) the novel twice.12. I _________ (buy) a book just now.13. I _________ (lost ) my watch yesterday.14. My father ___________ (read) this book since yesterday. III．句型转换：1. He has already gone home.  He _________  __________ home ____________.  (否定句)        ____________ he __________ home ___________?  (疑问句)2. He has lunch at home.  He __________  _____________ lunch at home.  (否定句)       ____________ he __________  lunch at home?  (疑问句)3. He has been there twice.   __________ __________ ________ __________ he been there?  (划线提问)4. I have lunch at school.  __________ __________ you ____________ lunch.  (划线提问)

Answer 3

have done表完成 与瞬间动词连用
have done表持续 与持续动词连用 并且后面跟段时间
段时间的表达方式 常见3中
since+点=段 by+点=段 for+段=段