第1个回答 2011-02-11
定语从句专题教案
教学要点：
1． 定语从句三要素及关系词的选用；
2． 只能用that或which的情况；
3． which和as的区别；
4． whose 用法及转形；
5． 介词+关系代词中介词的选用及位置(介词短语和动词短语)；
6． 定语从句中的特殊情况。
教学重点：
1． 关系代词和关系副词在句子中所做的成分；
2． 关系代词which和 that 的区别；
3． 使用定语从句中应注意的特殊用法；
4． 真题分析。
教学难点：
1． 如何判断及选用关系代词和关系副词；
2． whose 的用法及转换；
3． 介词+关系代词中介词的选用。
教学步骤
Step1. 导入
He is the man that/who wants to see you.
先行词 关系词(在从句中充当主语)
定语从句（Attributive Clauses）
1. 定义：在主从复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
2. 位置：定语从句一般都紧跟在它所修饰名词的后面。
3. 先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫“先行词”。
4. 关系词（引导词）：引导定语从句的词叫“关系词”。
改错：
1. I’ll never forget the days that we worked together.
2. I’ll never forget the days when we spent together.
答案:1.that改为when 2.when 改为 that 错误分析:关系代词和关系副词使用混淆
Step2. 关系代词和关系副词的作用
正确选择关系词是掌握定语从句的关键。关系词的选择完全取决于关系词在定语从句中所充当的句子成分。关系词一共有9个, 它们在从句中所充当的句子成分见下表。
关系词 主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 说明
that 人/物 人/物 √ × √ 不能用于非限制性从句
which 物 物 √ √ ×
who 人 √ √ × × who可代替whom作宾语
whom × 人 × × ×
whose × × × 人/物 ×
when × × × × √
where × × × × √
why × × × × √
as 主要用于非限制性的定语从句和such…as…, the same...as..., as...
as...结构中
用关系词填空
1.The man ___________ came to our school is Mr. Wang.
2.A child __________ parents are dead is called Tom.
3.Could you tell me the reason ______ you are late?
4.I don’t know the boy __________ you talked with.
5. Beijing is the place ________ I came.
6.Gone are the days ____ we used foreign oil.
答案1.who/that 2.whose 3.why 4.(whom/that/\) 5.where 6.when
提示：引导词用关系代词还是用关系副词关键要看他们在从句中作什么成份而定。或者说，假如把先行词放到从句中是作主语、宾语还是状语而定。
Step3. 考点一：如何判断用关系代词还是关系副词
1. I will never forget the day when I first went to school.
2. I will never forget the day which/that we spent in Beijing.
3. The house which/that we visited is being repaired now.
4. The house where Lu Xun once lived is being repaired now.
实例分析:
1.Is this the museum ____ we held the exhibition?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
2.Is this museum ____ you visited a few days ago?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
3.Is this the museum _____ you visited yesterday?
提示：先把以上句子变为肯定句
例1变为肯定句： This is the museum _____________ we held the exhibition.
例2变为肯定句： This museum is __________________ you visited a few days ago.
例3变为肯定句： This is the museum ________________you visited yesterday.
答案：1.where 2.the one(that /which/\) 3.that /which/不填
解题步骤：
1. 通读全句，首先判断是什么句型；
2. 题干句如果是疑问句式，将其转化为陈述句式；
3. 找出从句部分及先行词；
4. 分析从句的句子结构，判断从句中所缺的成分，缺主语、宾语或定语用关系代词；
不缺主语、宾语或定语时选用关系副词做状语。
Step4. 考点二：只能用关系代词which 或that的情况
在定语从句中, 当先行词指物时, 下列情况的关系词宜用that而不用which:
1.先行词被①形容词最高级；②序数词；③the only, the very, the right ,the same 修饰时。
This is the only book that I bought today.
2.先行词为下列不定代词，或被此类词（+ every, each）修饰时。
① all, one, some, any, much;
② none, few, little, no;
③ something, anything, everything, nothing。
Is this all that is left？
He made a list of all the books (that) he had ever read.
④ 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, 关系代词应该用 who 或whom，不用 which。如：
Is there anyone here who will go with you?
3. 先行词中既有人又有物时。
Look at the man and his horse that are walking up the street.
4.先行词在从句中作表语。（多用that而不用who）
Mary is no longer the girl that she used to be.
5.当主句中含有疑问词which或who时,为避免重复，常用that 代替who 或which。
Which are the books that you bought for me?
6.主句以there be 开头时
There is little that I can do to make up for the lost time.
在定语从句中, 当先行词指物时,只能用which而不能用that 的情况：
1.在介词提前的定语从句中，关系代词只能用which。
This is the house in which Lu Xun used to live.
2.引导非限制性定语从句时。
She failed the exam, which made her parents vary angry.
Step5. 考点三：as与which引导的非限定性定语从句
二者都可以引导非限制定语从句，指代从句中的一部分或整个句子的内容，有时可以互换。
He married her, as /which was natural.
在下列情况下一般只能用as：
(1) as 放在句首、句中，而which不能。
(2) as 本身有“正如……；正像……”之意，而which 没有；此时as常和 know, see, expect, announce, suggest, hope, believe 等连用。由as构成的常用短语：As everybody knows/As is known to everybody；As we can see；As is often the case；As is reported in the newspaper… 如：
1. As we all know, the earth is round.
2. As is known to everyone, China is a country that has the largest population in the world. 众所周知，中国是世界上人口最多的国家。
【注】As的搭配：
当先行词被the same, such修饰时，定语从句需用as引导
e.g. Such books as you tell me are interesting.
I have the same plan as you.
the same …as(指同类的东西) the same …that(指同一个东西)
This is the same watch as I lost. This is the same watch that I lost.
练习：
1.他带的手表和你昨天买的一样。
He is wearing the same watch as you bought yesterday.
2.他带的那块手表就是我昨天买的那块。
He is wearing the same watch that I bought yesterday.
Step6. 考点四：whose 用法及转换形式
1. whose引导定语从句，其后应紧跟名词，构成名词短语。其先行词不仅可以指人，还可以指物。
Do you know the woman whose husband is a doctor?
Pass me the book whose cover is green.
2. whose引导的从句可转换为“of +关系代词”型，即
whose + N = the +N + of which/whom = of which/whom + the + N
He lives in the room whose window faces south.
= He lives in the room, the window of which faces south.
= He lives in the room, of which the window faces south.
Step7. 考点五：介词+关系代词
提醒：介词＋关系代词(whom/which)引导的定语从句, 关键是介词的选择。
方法一：根据从句中动词的习惯搭配
The teacher for whom you are waiting is coming.
This is the room in which Lu Xun used to live.
方法二：根据先行词的习惯搭配
He came to a farm, on which he finally settled.
The speed at which light travels is 3000,000 km per second.
方法三：根据句子所需要的意思
The colorless gas is called oxygen, in which fires burn much better.
The colorless gas is called oxygen, without which we could not live.
注意：关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。此时关系代词只能用which 或 whom; 不可用that 或who 代替。非限制性定语从句中，要表示先行词的一部分时，可用“名词/数词/代词 + of which/whom”的结构。如：
There are 50 students in our class, two-thirds of whom have been to Beijing.
实例分析：
1．(2004湖北卷) There are two buildings, ________ stands nearly a hundred feet high.
A. the larger B. the larger of them C. the larger one that D. the larger of which
解析：答案为D。the larger of which指代the larger of the two buildings; B选项缺少一个连词。
2. (2004辽宁卷) The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% _______ are sold abroad.
A. of which B. which of C. of them D. of that
解析：答案为A。80% of which指代的是80% of the shoes。本题意为：这家工厂每年生产的50万双鞋子有80%都是销往国外的。
3.There are altogether 56 students in our class,______ is a new comer from a mountain village.
A. the most hard-working of who B. of whom the most hard-working
C. the most hard-working of them D. but the most hard-working of whom
答案为B
介词+关系代词时介词的位置
1. The man who/whom you spoke to was a scientist.
2. The city that/which she lives in is far away.
3. The man to whom you spoke was a scientist.
4. The city in which she lives is far away.
提醒who、that 不能直接用于介词之后
Is this the watch that you are looking for?
The old man whom I am looking after is better .
注意：含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开提前，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。
练习: 介词+关系代词的使用
1. Do you like the book she paid $10?
2. He built a telescope he could study the skies.
3. China has a lot of rivers, the second longest _______ is the Yellow River.
4. There is a tall tree outside, stands our teacher.
5. The man ________ I spoke on the phone last night is very good at wrestling.
6. He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most ________ hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.
答案：1.for which 2.through which 3.of which 4.under which 5.to whom 6. of which
Step8. 使用定语从句时应注意的问题
1.I don’t like the way ______ he speaks.
A.that B.which C.how D.who
答案B 提醒：当先行词为way时，意为“方式，方法”，引导词可以为that, in which 或省略。
2. Miss Chen is the only one of the few teachers who _____(give) us wonderful English lessons in our school.
It is one of the best films that______(have) been shown recently.
答案：gives, have 提醒：定语从句中的动词在人称和数方面应该与它的先行词保持一致。
1) one of +复数名词+关系代词+复数动词
2) the only one of +复数名词+关系代词+单数动词
3. Let me think of a proper situation _______ this sentence can be used.
答案A 提醒：先行词是situation, point, case, scene, stage…，引导词一般用where或用in which
4.This is the man ______ I believe is honest.
答案：who 提醒：定语从句中加插入语：关系代词和动词之间有时有一个插入语，常用做插入语的动词有 believe,think,suppose,guess,say等解题时应注意把插入语成分取出。
5.分隔式定语从句
There is an expression in his eyes that I can’t understand.
A fast food restaurant is the place where, just as the name suggests, eating is performed quickly.
The days are gone forever when the Chinese people were looked down upon.
注意：定语从句有时不直接紧靠着先行词，中间由一个定语，状语或谓语隔开。
定语从句
定语从句中的“牛鼻子”就是关联词。初学者由于抓住这个“牛算子”，往往会犯错误。本文将从以下12个方面谈谈如何抓定语从句中关联词这个“牛鼻子”。
1、抓住关系代词。从句中关系副词可由“介词+关系代词”代替，因此，掌握了关系代词，关系副词也就迎刃而解了。如：The boy didn't tell me the classroom where he was studying句中的where可由in which来取代。
2、从句中不能出现疑问句的形式。如The woman can't tell the day when her son was born句中的was不能放到when之后。
3、从句中不能出现疑问句的形式。如：Here is the pen that you lost it yesterday.句中的it指的就是先行词the pen，应删去it。
4、关系代词应与先行词在数上一致。如The gifts which were sent to Jack were very expensive.
5、关系代词在从句中可作主语、宾语和定语，关系副词只作状语。如That's the day when I'll never forget.句中的关联词应是forget的宾语，故不能用when，应用which或that.
6、可以换用的关系代词。
a.修饰物的关系代词用which或that；如：Abookstore is a store which/that sells books.
b.修饰人的关系代词常用who,也可用that.如：The comrade who/that visited our class yesterday is our new headmaster.
7、不能换用的关系代词。which不能修饰人;who不能悠物;whose作从句中的定语,既可修饰人,也可修饰物。如:The horse whose windows face south was built last year.
在下列情况下，须用that；
a.先行词为all、little、the、one、everything、something、nothing、anything 等不定代词(something)后也可用which;如Is there anything that l can do for you? The finger that l put into my mouth was not the one that l had dipped into my cup.
b.先行词被序数或形容词最高级修饰时；如:The last place that we visited was the library.
He is the meat careful boy that l Know.
c.先行词由"人+物"构成时。如:He talked of the men and the work that interested him very much.
且that不用于非限制性定语从句之中。如：Tom got the first place, which(不用that) pleased his parents.
8、可以省略的关系代词。当关系代词在从句中作宾语时，往往可以省略。如：The letter (that/which) l received yesterday was from my brother.
9、不可省略的关系代词。
a.在从句中作其他成分的关系代词，如：The boy who is playing on the grass is Jack's brother.
b.在非限制性定语从句中的关系代词，如That's Lao Li, whom k mentioned to you the other day.
c.介词位于关系代词之前时.如:This is the house in which Mr Smith once lived.
10、跟关系代词连用的介词可置于关系代词之前,也可置后.如上句也可改为 This is the house which Mr Smith once lived in.
还要注意：
a.that作介词宾语时，介词位于从句中原来的位置；如:Can you lend me the book that you were talking about?
b.在非限制定语从句中，介词位于关系代词位置，如：Wu Dong, with whom l went concert, enjoyed it very much.
c.介词是短语动词的固定部分，不可拆开。如：Is this the day that you are looking for?
11、which有时代表前面整个主句所表达的概念。如：The meeting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted.
12、关系代词as常与such和the same连用。如：I have never seen such a wild dog as you describe.
I have the same trouble as you have.