1. 直接引语在句中往往充当主句的
宾语从句,因此在变为间接引语时必须和主语的时态进行配合。直接引语如果是过去式,那么变为简洁引语的时候可能仍然是
一般过去时或者是
过去完成时,这要根据主句的时态进行确定。
2. 直接引语变为间接引语的方法如下:
(1)变人称
有一句顺口溜“一随主。二随宾,第三人称不更新”。“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时,如果从句中的主语是
第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如:
She said. "My brother wants to go with me." →She saidher brother wanted to go with her.
“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时,若从句中的主语及宾语是
第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称,如:
He said to Kate. "How is your sister now?" →He askedKate how her sister was then。
“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如:
Mr. Smith said: "Jack is a good worker。"→Mr.Smith said Jack was a good worker。
(2)变时态:
直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。
现在时它需改为过去时态;过去时态改为完成时;过去完成时则保留原来的时态。如:
1) She said. "I have lost a pen." →She said she hadlost a pen.
2) She said. "We hope so." →She said they hoped so.
3) She said. "He will go to see his friend。"→Shesaid he would go to see his friend。
但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时,时态一般不变化。
①直接引语是客观真理。
"The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves aroundthe earth, the teacher told me. → The teacher told me the earth moves aroundthe sun and the moon moves around the earth。
②直接引语是
过去进行时,时态不变。如:
Jack said. “John, where were you going when I met you in thestreet?” →Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。
③直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语,变为间接引语时,时态不变。如:
Xiao Wang said. "I was born on April 20, 1980。"→Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980。
④直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作,变间接引语,时态不变。如:
He said, "I get up at six every morning。"→He said he gets up at six every morning。
⑤如果直接引语中的
情态动词没有过去时的形式(例:oughtto, had better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时,(例:could,should, would, might)不再变。如:
Peter said. "You had better come have today。"→Peter said I had better go there that day。
(3)变状语:
直接引语变间接引语,状语变化有其内在规则,时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”(例:now变为then,yesterday变为 the day before)地点状语,尤其表示方向性的,或用
指示代词修饰的状语,由“此”改为“彼”(例:this改为that),如:
He said, "These books are mine." →He said those bookswere his.
(4)变句型:
①直接引语如果是
陈述句,间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。如:Shesaid, "Our bus will arrive in five minutes." →She said that their buswould arrive in five minutes.
②直接引语如果是
反意疑问句,选择疑问句或
一般疑问句,间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句.如:Hesaid, "Can you swim, John?" →He asked John if he could swim.
"You have finished the homework, haven‘t you?" mymother asked. →My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework.
"Do you go to school by bus or by bike?" →He asked meif I went to school by bus or by bike.
③直接引语如果是特殊问句,间接引语应该改为由
疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句(宾语从句必须用陈述句语序)。
She asked me, "When do they have their dinner?"→ Sheasked me when they had their dinner.
④直接引语如果是
祈使句,间接引语应改为"tell(ask,order, beg等) sb.(not) to do sth."句型。如:
"Don’t make any noise," she said to the children. →Shetold (ordered) the children not to make any noise.
"Bring me a cup of tea, please," said she. →She askedhim to bring her a cup of tea.
⑤直接引语如果是以“Let‘s”开头的祈使句,变为间接引语时,通常用“suggest+动句词(或从句)。”如:
He said, " Let’s go to the film." →He suggested goingto the film.或He suggested that they should go to see thefilm.
引述别人的话有两种方式:一是使用引号引出人家的原话,这叫做直接引语;一是用自己的话把人家的话转述出来,这叫做间接引语。例如:
John said, "I’m going to London with my father."
约翰说:"我要和父亲到伦敦去。"(引号内是直接引语)
John said that he was going to London with his father.
约翰说,他要和他父亲去伦敦。(宾语从句是间接引语)