高中英语的独立主格结构是什么,如何辨别和运用? 求老师指导下,自己的资料书说的很模糊

一定要是英语很好的,谢谢!

独立主格结构(Independent Genitive)
一、 独立主格结构的相关概念
构成:逻辑主语+逻辑谓语
特点:1. 用逗号与主句分开;
2. 逻辑主语与主句主语不同,单独存在。
句中位置:句前、句末或句中,位置相当灵活。
注意事项:独立主格结构与句子之间不能使用任何连接词。
说到此处可能我们仍然是一头雾水,对独立主格结构没有任何概念,别着急,我们举例来说明。
例:Weather permitting, we will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
如果天气允许的话,我们将在明天组织一次海滨旅游。
析:weather permitting为独立主格结构,该结构与主句之间用逗号隔开,weather为逻辑主语;permit为逻辑谓语,独立主格结构与主句之间没有任何连接词。
初步总结:
1. 独立主格结构的主语和主句主语肯定不同(例句中的是weather和we);
2. 两者之间没有连词连接。(肯定的!!只有两个完整的句子之间用逗号时,才有连词的存在空间。Weather permitting本身不是完整的句子,所以不可能用连词。)
二、 独立主格结构的两种类型:
1. 逻辑主语+非谓语动词(不定式、现在分词、过去分词)
2. 逻辑主语+(being)+表语(名词、形容词、副词、介词短语)
1. 逻辑主语+非谓语动词(不定式、现在分词、过去分词)
①逻辑主语+不定式
由不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示还未发生的动作或状态,在句中常作原因状语,偶尔作条件状语。
例:His mother to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.
他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备晚饭。
析:“来”的动作还没有发生,表示将来。
②逻辑主语+现在分词
现在分词在句中作状语时,其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语;如果现在分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致时,就应在现在分词前加上逻辑主语,这便构成了现在分词的独立主格结构,该结构在句中常作时间状语、原因状语、条件状语和方式状语等
例:The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest.
向导领着路,我们毫不费劲地走出了森林。
析:lead动作的发出者是the guide,两者构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
③逻辑主语+过去分词
例:The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school.
由于丢了自行车钥匙,他只好步行回学校。
析:the key肯定是被人给Lost的,所以两者之间构成动宾关系。
进一步总结:
逻辑主语+不定式:表示尚未发生或即将发生的动作。
逻辑主语+现在分词:表示动作正在进行。
逻辑主语+过去分词:表示被动或者完成意义。
2. 逻辑主语+(being)+表语(名词、形容词、副词、介词短语)
英语中常用的还有一类无动词独立主格结构。这种结构往往看做是“名词/代词+being+表语”结构中省略了being,主要有如下几种情况:
④逻辑主语+名词
例:I received many gifts, many of them books..
我收到很多礼物,其中很多是书籍。
⑤逻辑主语+形容词/副词
例:Music over, all the audience stood up with fits of applause..
音乐以结束,所有的观众都站了起来报以热烈的掌声。
⑥逻辑主语+介词短语
例:Many people were lined along the streets, flags in hands.
很多人排队站在街道旁,手里拿着旗子。..
三.使用独立主格结构的注意事项:
1. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语是代词或者在there be结构中,独立主格结构中的being/having been 不能省略。
例:It being Sunday, we went to church.
因为是周日,我们去做礼拜了。
2. 在“逻辑主语+介词短语”的独立主格结构中,如果逻辑主语和介词短语之间的名词都是单数,习惯上不用任何冠词。
3. “逻辑主语+现在分词”与“逻辑主语+having+done”的区别是前者表示正在进行的动作,后者表示发生在主句谓语动词之前的动作。
例: All the students having sat down, the lecture began.

独立主格结构有两部分组成,前一部份是名词或者代词,后一部分是非谓语动词或其他的一些词。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语,多用于书面语。
独立主格结构本身不是句子,在句子中作状语,表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等。
独立主格结构的功能
独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中,其作用相当于一个状语从句,常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如:
1) 表示时间
The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活,坐下来喝茶。
2) 表示条件
The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利,他或许能成功。
3) 表示原因
There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车,我们只好步行。
He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷,所以他把她裹得严严实实的。
4) 表示伴随情况
Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体,而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.)
常见的独立主格结构有如下几种:
1. 名词/主格代词+现在分词。名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系。如:
The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn”t know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他,他不知道说什么好。
Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话,我们明天去郊游。
2. 名词/主格代词+过去分词。名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。如:
The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决,质量已经提高了。
Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn”t see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了,她看不见黑板上的字。
3. 名词/主格代词+不定式。名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系,且强调的是一次具体性的动作。如:
He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件,他要做一个飞机模型。
They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后,一个回了家,一个去了书店。
4. 名词/主格代词+形容词。如:
An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难,无一人生还。
So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席,会议不得不取消。
5. 名词/主格代词+副词。如:
He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。
The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束,他们就都回家了。
6. 名词/主格代词+介词短语。如:
The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。
Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着,背对着门。
7. There being +名词(代词)如:
There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做,我们就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了,我宣布散会。
8. It being +名词(代词)如:
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故,政府机关都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日,所有商店都关门了。
独立主格结构的特点:
1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定 式,介词等是主谓关系。
3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例:
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了,我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天气允许,我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后,我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里,耳朵冻坏了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆
注:独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。
如:Don’t sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。
He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。
She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。
He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。
I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病,我无法去度假。
He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。
I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服,我无法出去了。
使用独立主格五点注意:
1.独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时,可用独立主格结构取代状语从句,但不再保留连词。如:After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后,学生很快离开了课室。
2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形在下列两种情况下,独立主格结构中的being(或having been)不能省略。
(1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如:It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天,我们去了做礼拜。
(2)在There being+名词的结构中。如:There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车,所以我们不得不步行回家。
3. 通常不用物主代词或冠词在“名词(或代词)+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中,一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如: Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走进了课室,手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构。如:Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.
4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来主编来了,我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构。)
独立主格结构的用法
独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等,相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
1. 用作时间状语:The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后,我们就回家了。
2. 用作条件状语:Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
3. 用作原因状语:An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲,教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
4. 用作伴随状语:He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上,两手交叉枕在脑后。
5.表示补充说明:We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力,一个人干两个人的活。
*注:独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时,相当于一个状语从句,一般放在句首,表示原因时还可放在句末;表伴随状况或补充说明时,相当于一个并列句,通常放于句末。
独立主格结构妙题赏析
请看下面一道题:
Not far from the school there was a garden, _________ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon.
A. its B. whose C. which D. that
【分析】此题很容易误选B,许多同学会认为句中逗号后是一个非限制性的定语从句,whose 在定语从句中用作定语修饰其后的名词 owner。此分析从表面上看,似乎天衣无缝,但实质上是错的,原因是空格后根本不是一个句子,因为没有谓语。尽管句中有两个动词,但它们都是非谓语动词。也许有的同学认为,其中的 seated 可视为谓语动词,但是注意,seat 用作动词时,它总是及物的,其后要么接宾语,要么它就用于被动语态,所以若在 seated 前加上助动词 is,则可以选择B(当然若将 seated 改为sitting,也应选择B)。所以此题最佳答案选A。
请再看一个类似的例子:
(1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. this D. that
(2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that
第(1)应选B,而不能选C,是因为句中的 translated 是过去分词(非谓语动词),若选C,则该从句无谓语;第(2)应选C,因为句中有谓语 were translatedC。
再请看下面一例:
(3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. which D. that
【分析】此题与上面的第(2)题不同,两句间多了一个并列连词and,说明这是一个并列句,故应选B,则不能选C。
请做做以下三题(答案均为B):
(1) There I met several people, two of _________ being foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that
(2) There I met several people, two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which B. whom C. who D. that
(3) There I met several people, and two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that
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第1个回答  2011-06-07
(一)独立主格结构(也称为独立结构)的定义

“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。在形式上与主句没有关系,通常称为“独立主格结构”。

如何理解这句话?一个是“主格”怎么理解?一个是“独立”怎么理解?

所谓“主格”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语,“主格”就由此而来,逻辑主语不同于主句的主语。有了逻辑主语,就会有逻辑谓语,它的逻辑谓语就是由“分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语(作为逻辑谓语)构成”。这就意味着:独立结构的类型包括不定式独立结构、分词独立结构、无动词独立结构、介词独立结构等。

所谓独立,就是在形式上与主句没有关系,才称之“独立”。跟主句没有任何句法联系;但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起,共同构成一个完整的语义环境。独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。实质上并非真正的独立,仍然属于主句的从属短语的一种结构,在句中有多种作用。如:表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等,在句中通常起状语作用,多用于书面语描述性文字,不常用于口语。在口语和非正式文体中,一般用从句或两个句子来代替。

“独立主格结构”实质就是带有自己主语的非限定状语从句。下面两点很重要。

1.非限定性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语,从而依附于主句。

2.有些非限定性从句和无动词从句带有自己的主语,在结构上与主句不发生关系,也可成为独立主格结构。

英语的独立结构的出现,使英语语言走出了一条经济之路,可以用更少的字词表达同样丰富的内容,使英语表达更趋于简洁。表面上看,独立结构是个破碎的英语,而透过它的内涵,描述又是那么简明生动,是指导今后阅读写作的一种有效工具。写作中学会用独立结构,可帮助我们把英语表达提升到一个更高的层面。

为了加深对独立结构的了解和认识,像学其他语法知识一样,离不开其结构功能的例句。

(二)独立主格的功能例句

下面打线的部分就是独立结构,它们不是句子,它们没有自己的主语和谓语,只有逻辑主语和逻辑谓语。他们各自依附于主句,但不充当主句的任何成分,是独立而存的。

试分析下列例句中独立结构的逻辑主语和逻辑谓语,并指出逻辑谓语的词性或不同的短语(不定式短语、分词短语还是介词短语?)

1) 表示时间

The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后,我们都回家了。

Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活,坐下来喝茶。

2) 表示条件

The condition being favorable, he may succeed. 若条件有利,他或许能成功。

3) 表示原因

There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车,我们只好步行。

He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty.

夜又黑又冷,所以他把她裹得严严实实的。

4) 表示伴随情况

Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all.

几乎所有的金属都是良导体,而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.)

(三)独立主格结构的构成

要了解和把握独立主格结构的构成,首先要认识独立结构的特点:

1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。

2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词等是主谓关系。

3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。

4)独立结构的位置比较灵活,可置于句首、句中或句尾。

构成形式有:

名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词

名词(代词)+形容词

名词(代词)+副词

名词(代词)+名词

名词(代词)+不定式

名词(代词) +介词短语

记住独立主格结构包括两部分,第一部分都是一样的:名词或代词;第二部分,分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语。名词(代词)+形容词,名词(代词)+副词,名词(代词)+名词和名词(代词) +介词短语也称为无动词的独立结构。

分别举例如下:

如同前面的思维方法,下面打线的部分就是独立结构,它们不是句子,它们没有自己的主语和谓语,只有逻辑主语和逻辑谓语。他们各自依附于主句,但不充当主句的任何成分,是独立而存的。

试分析下列例句中独立结构的逻辑主语和逻辑谓语,并指出逻辑谓语的词性或不同的短语(不定式短语、分词短语还是介词短语?)有的词汇是多词性,看起来是动词,但此时此地是形容词,如3)中例2,open不是动词,是形容词。

1)名词/代词+现在分词

Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. 冬天来了,天气越来越冷了。

The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk. 雨停了,他出去散步。

The question being settled, we wound up the meeting. 问题解决之后,我们结束了会议。

2) 名词/代词+过去分词

“Marquis,” said the boy, turning to the man, his eyes opened wide, and his right hand raised.

3) 名词/代词+形容词

The men moved slowly forward, neck deep in the water, with their officers guiding them.

It stood silent in the noon sunlight, its door open.

4) 名词/代词+副词

Nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away.

Lunch over, he left the house. But he was thinking.

5) 名词/代词(主格)+不定式

We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven. 我们十点四十五分集合,队伍十一点准时出发。

Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month. 这是前两卷,第三卷将于下月问世。

We divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor. 我们进行了分工,他擦窗户,我扫地。

The two boys said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to his friend’s. 两个男孩彼此道了别,一个回了家,另一个去了他朋友家。

6) 名词/代词+介词短语(注意与名词短语、动词短语的区别)

I followed him here, climbed in, sword in hand.

The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand. 那位猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。

(gun in hand 也可看成无动词的独立结构)

He sat at the table, coat off, head down, and pen in hand.

7) 名词/代词+名词

He fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon.

他和狼搏斗着,唯一的武器是一根棍棒。

8)无动词独立结构的形式为 “逻辑主语 + 名词/形容词/副词/介词短语”,常用作状语,表示方式或伴随等。例如:

a. The children, many of them infants, were left with nothing to eat.

b. She sat down on the ground, her face pale with great pain.

c. The class over, the students made for the dining hall.

d. The teacher entered the classroom, a book in hand.

9)介词独立结构的形式为 “with/without + 逻辑主语 + 形容词/副词/介词短语/不定式/现在分词/过去分词”,常作状语,表示方式、伴随、原因等。例如“

a. He left in a hurry, with the door open.

b. The boy entered the room, without shoes and socks on.

c. With all the work on hand, he shouldn’t have gone to the cinema last night.d. With a lot of homework to do, I couldn’t go to bed.

e. Without anyone noticing, Tom slipped out of the classroom.

f. Without a word more spoken, she left.

四、独立分词结构作状语与分词短语作状语及状语从句的比较
1.独立分词结构作状语与分词短语作状语的区别
独立分词结构作为句子中的一个语言单位,其逻辑主语而与句子的主语并不一致。如:
The day being fine, we decided to go swimming.
They’ll send you the book for $10, postage included.
We explored the caves, Peter acting as the guide.
但分词短语作状语时,其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。也就是说,分词短语的逻辑主语就是主句谓语动词的主语。如:
Given more practice, the students could have made still greater progress.
Driving along an almost deserted country road, they run out of gas.
2. 独立分词结构作状语和状语从句的区别
1) 前者是一个短语,有逻辑主语但没有句子结构,后者是一个从句,有主谓结构;
2) 前者的逻辑主语与主句不同,后者的主语与主句的主语不一定相异;
3) 前者不需用从属连词,后者必须用从属连词。试比较:
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut.
As it was a holiday, all the shops were shut.

五、不定式独立结构和分词独立结构功能的区别(什么时候用动词不定式独立结构?什么时候用分词结构?)
1. 不定式独立结构的形式为 “逻辑主语 + 不定式”,常作状语,表示说明或伴随,偶尔也作主语。例如:

a. We divided the work, she to clean the window and I to sweep the floor. b. I to bear this is some burden. 我担负此物颇不轻松。

2. 分词独立结构的形式为 “逻辑主语 + 现在分词/过去分词”,常用作状语,用来表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随等;有时可作同位语,起补充说明的作用。例如:

a. The dark clouds having dispersed, the sun shone again. (时间)

b. This down, he left the home. (时间)

c. Nobody having any more to say, the meeting was closed. (原因)

d. All his savings gone, he started looking for a job. (原因)

e. Weather permitting, we’ll have a football match tomorrow. (条件)

f. Everything taken into account, his plan seems to be more workable. (条件) g. He guiding her, they crossed the street. (方式)

h. He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head. (方式)

i. He climbed slowly up the mountain, his courage slipping away at every step. (伴随)

j. He returned, his face covered with mud and his clothes torn into piece. (伴随)

k. Three were 50 entrances for the competition, the youngest being a girl of

14. (同位语)

六、如果一句中含有几个“独立结构”,通常是把表示概括意义(粗像意义的内容)的结构置于最后。 

例如:

The professor was slammed against the wall, his body frisked, his wrists handcuffed, his dignity lost. 教授被猛推倒墙上,被搜了身,手被拷着,尊严尽失。 

七、使用独立主格四点注意

  1.独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时,可用独立主格结构取代状语从句,但不再保留连词。如:After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后,学生很快离开了课室。

  2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形在下列两种情况下,独立主格结构中的being(或having been)不能省略。

  (1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如:It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天,我们去了做礼拜。

  (2)在There being+名词的结构中。如:There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车,所以我们不得不步行回家。

  3. 通常不用物主代词或冠词在“名词(或代词)+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中,一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如: Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走进了课室,手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构。如:Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.

  4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了,我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构。)

参考资料:http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_605962430100fbg8.html

第2个回答  2011-06-08
一、独立主格结构的概念
独立主格结构(Absolute Structure)是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构,用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系,它的位置相当灵活,可置于主句前、主句末或主句中,常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是,独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。

二、独立主格结构基本构成形式

名词(代词)+现在分词(过去分词;形容词;副词;不定式;名词;介词短语) 
1. 名词(代词)+现在分词
Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance.
黑夜笼罩大地,谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。
There being no bus, we had to walk home.
由于没有公共汽车,我们只好走回家。
2. 名词(代词)+过去分词
The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.
由于工人们的生活条件大大提高,他们工作得更起劲了。
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.
他上课专心听讲,眼睛紧盯着黑板。
3. 名词(代词)+不定式
在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系,动词不定式则用主动的形式;如果是动宾关系,则用被动形式。
The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.
我们四人同意分工干,每人翻译全书的四分之一。
Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.
种上许多的树、花和草后,我们新建的学校看上去将更美。
4. 名词(代词)+形容词
The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse.
特洛伊人睡着了,于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。
Computers very small, we can use them widely.
电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们。
5. 名词(代词)+副词
The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room.
散会了,校长很快就离开了会议室。
The lights off, we could not go on with the work.
灯熄了,我们不能继续工作了。
6. 名词(代词)+名词
His first shot failure,he fired again.
他第一枪没击中,又打了一枪。
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
两百人死于事故,其中有许多儿童。
7. 名词(代词) +介词短语
He lay at full length upon his stomach,his head resting upon his left forearm.
他的脊背朝天,四肢伸展,头枕着左臂,直挺挺地趴伏着。
Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the old house,a vast load of firewood on her back.
每天下午,一个背着一大背柴禾的老妇人都会从那间破旧的房屋前蹒跚着走过。

三、with,without 引导的独立主格结构
with ( without)+宾语(名词/代词)+宾语补足语,宾语通常由名词或代词充当,但代词一定要用宾格。上文的独立主格结构的几种情况都适用于此结构。
The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.
小女孩把盒子藏了起来,没有人知道它在哪里。(without +名词/代词+动词的-ing形式)
Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.
她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。(without+名词/代词+动词的-ed形式)
The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.
有这么多的名胜可参观,小孩很激动。(with+名词/代词+动词不定式)
The boy was walking, with his father ahead.
父亲在前,小孩在后走着。(with+名词/代词+副词)
He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或He stood at the door, computer in hand.
他站在门口,手里拿着一部电脑。(with+名词/代词+介词短语)
With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.
由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。(with+名词/代词+形容词)
在with (without) 的复合结构中,多数情况下with 能省略,但without 不能省略。

四、独立主格结构的句法功能
独立主格结构在句中一般作状语,表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等,还可以作定语。
1. 作时间状语
My shoes removed,I entered a low-ceilinged room,treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting.
我脱掉鞋子后,走进一间屋顶很低的房间,小心翼翼地踩在柔软的塌塌米垫子上。
The governor pondering the matter,more strikers gathered across his path.
总督思考问题时,更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上。
2. 作条件状语
Weather permitting,they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次海滨郊游。
Such being the case,you have no grounds for dismissing him.
如果情况如此的话,你没有理由解聘他。
3. 作原因状语
The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.
由那个男孩带路,我们很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。
There being no further business to discuss, we all went home.
没有别的事可讨论,我们都回家了。
4. 作伴随状语或补充说明
I took my ticket,and marched proudly up the platform,with my cheeses,the people falling back respectfully on either side.
我拿着车票还有我的奶酪,雄赳赳气昂昂地跨步走向月台。人们似乎很尊敬我,纷纷向两边退去。
Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.
十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛,年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。
5. 作定语,独立主格结构作定语其功能相当于一个定语从句。
He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled.
他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。
He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.
他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上。
Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.
靠近岸时,我看见几个深池塘,池水碧似蓝天。

五、独立主格结构注意事项
1. 独立主格结构多用于书面语,尤其是描述性语言中,在口语和非正式文体中,一般用从句或两个句子来代替。独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在,名词或代词与后面的分词等逻辑上是主谓关系,独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
2. 动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生,动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束,动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。
The manager looks worried,many things to settle.
经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。(事情还没有处理,而且是由经理本人来处理,用不定式to settle,表示将来的时间)
The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.
许多事情已经处理好了,经理看上去很轻松。(事情已经处理好了,用过去分词settled表示动作已经结束)
The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一边做饭,一边看电视。(两个动作同时进行)
3. 独立主格结构介词使用的问题
当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制。
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his) 劫匪手里拿着刀闯进房间。     
当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分词,不及物动词用过去分词。
He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 他躺在那儿,牙关紧闭,双拳紧握,两眼直视上方。
4. 独立主格结构与独立成分的异同
有些分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上的主语,作为习惯用法。这些短语有:Generally speaking (总的说来),Frankly speaking (坦率地说),Judging from (从……判断),Supposing (假设),等等。
Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand. 总的说来,这条规则很容易懂。
Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man. 由他所说的来判断,他一定是一个诚实的人。
有些固定短语是带 to 的不定式,表明说话人的立场或态度,在句中作独立成分。这些短语有:to be honest(老实说),to be sure (确实),to tell you the truth (说实话),to cut a long story short (长话短说),to be frank (坦率地说),to make matters / things worse (更糟糕的是),等等。
  To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling.   说实话,我犯了一个拼写错误。
  To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work.
  情况更糟的是,许多男人都去城市找工资较高的工作,而留下附近村庄的妇女来继续承担修复工作。
5.独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是独立主格结构转换为状语从句后,它有自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一致;而分词短语转换为状语从句后,从句的主语与主句的主语一致。
If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.
转换为:Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.
  如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。
  When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.
转换为:Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.
  从山顶上看,我们发现这个城市更美了。
还必须注意,分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致,也可以是主句的其他成分。
Searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time.
在城市里搜查小偷,花费了警察很长一段时间。(Searching短语的逻辑主语是主句中的policemen)
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