求英国文学名词解释： humanism 人道主义 conceit 奇思妙想 satire 讽刺 imabus抑扬格

Question

如题所述

Answer 1

文艺复兴文化的指导思想。“人文主义”一词源自“人文学”（Studiahumanita-tis），在文艺复兴时期指古典学术的研究和重视人生现实的新思潮，当时的新文化人士则自称为“人文学者”（humanista）。

　　19世纪以后，欧洲学术界才开始用“人文主义”来称呼这种社会思潮。人文主义的基本倾向是提倡“人道”以反对“神道”，提倡人权以反对君权，提倡个性解放以反对中世纪的宗教桎梏及其一切残余，因此也称为人道主义。为区别起见，中国习惯把文艺复兴时期的这种思潮称为人文主义，文艺复兴以后的则称人道主义。

　　欧洲封建制占统治地位时期，基督教会控制文化教育思想，随着资本主义经济萌芽，新兴资产阶级在思想上要求摆脱神学统治，人文主义遂应运而生。人文主义发源于意大利，特别是佛罗伦萨共和国，在14世纪后半期出现了以F.彼特拉克。G.薄伽丘为首的第一批人文主义者。15世纪人文主义思潮已在意大利蓬勃发展，16世纪传遍德意志、法国、英国及西欧各地。人文主义主要反对宗教神学的禁欲主义教条，肯定人生，颂扬人性，抨击教会统治的黑暗与愚昧。人文主义者认为希腊、罗马古典文化是一切世俗文化的精华，因而学习和研究古典文化不遗余力，尊之为良师益友，并称新文化为古典之复兴。但是，人文主义并不根本反对宗教和教会，它所强调的人性在某些方面亦来越出资产阶级个人主义的局限。

　　人文主义在文艺复兴时代冲破了封建教会的束缚，在这种思想的影响下产生了许多灿烂的文化艺术杰作。人文主义在教育改革、发掘和整理古籍方面也起过重要作用，奠定了欧洲近代教育和人文研究的基础。由于人文主义提倡重视现实和自由思考，因而又为文艺复兴时期的两个伟大历史运动宗教改革和自然科学的兴起，提供了思想武器。

Conceit:

In English literature the term is generally associated with the 17th century metaphysical poets.

Metaphysical Conceit = is an extended metaphor with a complex logic that governs a poetic passage or entire poem.

It usually sets up an analogy between one entity’s spiritual qualities and an object in the physical world and sometimes controls the whole structure of the poem.

"The flea" is a good example for metaphysical conceit .
John Donne used many metaphysical conceits in “The Sun Rising” too .

抑扬格
如果一个音步中有两个音节，前者为轻，后者为重，则这种音步叫抑扬格音步，其专业术语是（iamb, iambic.）。轻读是“抑”，重读是“扬”，一轻一重，故称抑扬格。 英语中有大量的单词，其发音都是一轻一重，如adore, excite, above, around, appear, besides, attack, supply, believe, return等，所以用英语写诗，用抑扬格就很便利。也就是说，抑扬格很符合英语的发音规律。因此，在英文诗歌中用得最多的便是抑扬格，百分之九十的英文诗都是用抑扬格写成的。下面的那两句诗就是抑扬格诗。
Alone │she cuts │and binds│ the grain,
And sings │a me│lancho│ly strain.
An iamb or iambus is a metrical foot used in various types of poetry. Originally the term referred to one of the feet of the quantitative meter of classical Greek prosody: a short syllable followed by a long syllable (as in i-amb). This terminology was adopted in the description of accentual-syllabic verse in English, where it refers to a foot comprising an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable (as in a-bove).

satire：
[U] attacking foolish or wicked behaviour by making fun of it, often by using sarcasm and parody 讽刺; 讥讽:
Is there too much satire on TV? 电视上讽刺内容是否太多了?

这里注意 attacking foolish or wicked behaviour 这里的内容是为了 攻击 那些很愚蠢，缺德，邪恶的事情

差不多了。。。有一个没有找到中文解释

Answer 2

Humanism（人道主义）: a literary and philosophical view emphasizing humankind as its center concerns. Humanism originated in the Renaissance, the term has been used I many ways, but always suggests humanity as the central concern, with the natural world (science) and the spiritual world (religion) valued for their relation to people.
Conceit（奇思妙想）: A kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. A conceit may be a brief metaphor, but it usually provides the framework for an entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical conceit.
satire （讽刺）：A kind of writing that holds up to ridicule or contempt the weaknesses and wrongdoings of individuals, groups, institutions, or humanity in general. The aim of satirists is to set a moral standard for society, and they attempt to persuade the reader to see their point of view through the force of laughter.本回答被提问者采纳