第1个回答 2008-12-15
One. Overview: The water spray system in support of the main ports of the reactor is expected machinery, ship unloader, and so on the track hanging. The main materials used to remove the pile, unloading, transport equipment in the course of covering the surface of dust, dust and so on. II. How it works: water spray system by the tanks, single-stage centrifugal pumps, piping, valves manually, one-way valve, pressure gauge, the level gauge glass, solenoid valves, such as the composition of the nozzle. Of the water spray system has three spray, a water tank with high and low level, low-level cease to be the first centrifugal pump, and then quickly connected to the joint, open water solenoid valve (1), the water began. High-level pay off solenoid valve (1), the water stopped. Ship unloader to work, when the hopper is expected to reach great time to open solenoid valve (4), began to spray nozzle to suppress dust. When the material arrived straight away when the tube closed solenoid valve (4) and at the same time open the solenoid valve (2), began to spray nozzle to suppress dust. When the materials reach the discharge belt machine shut down when the solenoid valve (2) and at the same time open the solenoid valve (3), began to spray nozzle to suppress dust, after the closure of the solenoid valve (3). The entire work after the end of the cycle should be based on the work of each cycle between the time the decision to shut down and restart the pump, in general, such as the work of each cycle in more than 10 minutes to stop centrifugal pump, in 10 minutes, then do not have to Centrifugal pump to stop. III. Technical parameters: 1. Single-stage centrifugal pumps: Model ISW65-250, traffic 25m3 / h, head 80m, electric power 15Kw, 415V/50HZ; 2. Pressure system: 0.8Mpa; 3. Flow system: 416.7L/Min ; 4. Nozzle: 32; 5. Tank capacity: 2m3; 6. Float liquid level controller: pressure 1Mpa, voltage 110V, contact capacity 200VA; 7. Solenoid valve: voltage 110AC 50HZ. IV. Debugging: the work before the ship unloader to check on the tank glass of water level, low-level water tank to be filled water, and then to see the front of the centrifugal pump cut-off valve is open, if opened should open the valve Centrifugal pump in order to avoid damage. Ship unloader at work to open centrifugal pump, the medium through a non-return valve, spray pipelines to reach each point, when the expected spray reach the point when the solenoid valve to open at the beginning of spraying water dust. Spray in each of the points are setting the solenoid valve by-pass valve for the purpose of the spray at the point when the damage to the closure of the solenoid valve solenoid valve before and after the throttle valve, in parallel to open the throttle, spray can point to normal , At the same time can be solenoid valve repair. Float on the water tank equipped with two liquid level controller, when the water tanks in low-level, low-level alarm float controller, the staff should be open water solenoid valve (1) to start adding water. When the water tank in high-level, high-level controller float sender to close the water solenoid valve (1) to stop adding water. In the system of setting the lowest drainage valve for release before the winter to make the water system. Water tank located at the bottom of the drainage valves (ball), for emptying the water in the tank. In the funnel large platform feeder vibration adapter I expected the Department set up a flushing device, by the ball, rapid joints, hoses, composed of high-pressure water jets. Need to use the washing device should be open centrifugal pump. (A) the use of pump pressure: pressure pumps form chart: 1. Start-up operation: a) hand-FAN BLADE Bozhuan motor, impeller should be no card mill, rotating flexible; b) set by hand pump in order to move lubricating fluid Into the end mechanical seal; c) the exhaust water, open the valve of imports, so full of liquid into the cavity pump until the entire pipeline is full of liquid and ensure the import of seal pipeline; d) the closure of the export valve to reduce the starting current; e) to connect power, determine the starting point in the right direction, from the motor FAN BLADE depends on for clockwise rotation; f) to gradually adjust the export of the valves open, as far as possible so that the pump's rated the work of state; g) the operation of the pump in the process of Found an unusual noise or sound, immediately inspect stopping; h) normal mechanical seal leakage should be less than 3 drops / min, electrical inspection, the Department bearing temperature rise of <70 ℃, more than the value of the reasons for inspection; i) Access to power, and then gradually to normal rotor tube spit on the road to open the valve, the valve in the closed, the pumps working hours in a row can not be more than 10 minutes. 2. Stop: a) spit shut down pipeline valves; b) cut off power to stop motor run; c) close the valve of imports; d) If the ambient temperature below 0 ℃ or pump out the long-term, should pump out water .
第2个回答 2008-12-25
管道运输 管道运输 (Pipeline transport) 是用管道作为运输工具的一种长距离输送液体和气体物资的运输方式，是一种专门由生产地向市场输送石油、煤和化学产品的运输方式，是统一运输网中干线运输的特殊组成部分。有时候，气动管 (pneumatic tube) 也可以做到类似工作，以压缩气体输送固体舱，而内里装着货物。管道运输石油产品比水运费用高，但仍然比铁路运输便宜。大部分管道都是被其所有者用来运输自有产品。
管道运输不仅运输量大、连续、迅速、经济、安全、可靠、平稳以及投资少、占地少、费用低，并可实现自动控制。除广泛用于石油、天然气的长距离运输外，还可运输矿石、煤炭、建材、化学品和粮食等。管道运输可省去水运或陆运的中转坏节，缩短运输周期，降低运输成本，提高运输效率。当前管道运输的发展趋势是：管道的口径不断增大，运输能力大幅度提高；管道的运距迅速增加；运输物资由石油、天然气、化工产品等流体逐渐扩展到煤炭、矿石等非流体。中国目前已建成大庆至秦皇岛、胜利油田至南京等多条原油管道运输线。
就液体与气体而言，凡是在化学上稳定的物质都可以用管道运送。故此，废水 (sewage) 、泥浆 (slurry) 、水、甚至啤酒都可以用管道传送。另外，管道对于运送石油与天然气十分重要——有关公司多数会定期检查其管道，并用管道检测仪 (pipeline inspection gauge) 做清洁工作。
优缺点有：
(1)运量大(2)占地少(3)管道运输建设周期短、费用低(4)管道运输安全可靠、连续性强(5)管道运输耗能少、成本低、效益好。
灵活性差。管道运输不如其他运输方式(如汽车运输)灵活，除承运的货物比较单一外，它也不容随便扩展管线。实现“门到门”的运输服务，对一般用户来说，管道运输常常要与铁路运输或汽车运输、水路运输配合才能完成全程输送。此外由于运输量明显不足时，运输成本会显著地增大。
管道运输的优越性
在五大运输方式中，管道运输有着独特的优势。在建设上，与铁路、公路、航空相比，投资要省得多。就石油的管道运输与铁路运输相比，交通运输协会的有关专家曾算过一笔账：沿我国成品油主要流向建设一条长7000公里的管道，它所产生的社会综合经济效益，仅降低运输成本、节省动力消耗、减少运输中的损耗3项，每年就可以节约资金数10亿元左右；而且对于具有易燃特性的石油运输来说，管道运输更有着安全、密闭等特点。
在油气运输上，管道运输有其独特的优势，首先在于它的平稳、不间断输送，对于现代化大生产来说，油田不停地生产，管道可以做到不停地运输，炼油化工工业可以不停地生产成品，满足国民经济需要；二是实现了安全运输，对于油气来说，汽车、火车运输均有很大的危险，国外称之为“活动炸弹”，而管道在地下密闭输送，具有极高的安全性；三是保质，管道在密闭状态下运输，油品不挥发，质量不受影响；四是经济，管道运输损耗少、运费低、占地少、污染低。
成品油作为易燃易爆的高危险性流体，最好运输方式应该是管道输送。与其他运输方式相比，管道运输成品油有运输量大，劳动生产率高；建设周期短，投资少，占地少；运输损耗少，无“三废”排放，有利于环境生态保护；可全天候连续运输，安全性高，事故少；以及运输自动化，成本和能耗低等明显优势。
中国管道运输业35年发展纪实
8月3日，是中国管道建设35周年的纪念日。35年，在人类的发展史上只是短暂一瞬。然而，它对于中国长输管道来说，却是一个从零的突破到争雄国内、走向世界的飞跃历程。
从1970年8月3日的“八三会战”开始，中国石油天然气管道局就伴随着中国管道运输业的诞生、发展，从稚嫩走向成熟，成长壮大为我国管道建设的主力军。管道运输业从大庆起步
为解决大庆原油外输困难，缓解东三省以及华北十分紧张的动力燃料问题，1970年，党中央决定抢建东北输油管道。建设长距离、大口径的输油管道在我国尚属首创，一系列技术问题均无章可循，材料设备必须从零开始。靠人拉肩扛和气吞山河的军民大会战，完成了北起黑龙江大庆、南达辽宁抚顺的中国第一条千里油龙的建设。
1975年9月，管道建设者又完成了大庆至铁岭、铁岭至大连、铁岭至秦皇岛、抚顺至四平、抚顺至鞍山、盘山到锦西和中朝输油管道，这8条管道，编织成了东北输油管网。
正当东北管网紧张地建设之中，筹备成立统一建设和管理管道的职能机关———管道局的工作，也在紧锣密鼓地进行。1973年4月16日，中国石油天然气管道局在河北廊坊诞生。这就意味着，继铁路、海运、公路、航空之后，一个新兴的运输行业———管道运输业的兴起。今天的奋斗结出硕果
随着国家进行西部大开发，管道局又把目光投在了西部。
1990年建设新疆塔里木第一条轮南到库尔勒输油管道，1995承建我国第一条长距离、大口径沙漠管道，紧接着是鄯乌天然气管道、库鄯输油管道。1996年3月陕京天然气管道开工，然后是涩宁兰、兰成渝、陕京二线、忠武管道……
2002年7月，全长4000公里的西气东输工程正式开工了。管道局全方位参与了西气东输工程建设，并创造了多项中国管道的新纪录。目前，连通陕京二线与西气东输的冀宁支管道、从阿拉山口到独山子的输油管道，以及总长近4000公里的西部管道工程，正在如火如荼的建设之中。
回顾管道局的发展史，更不应该忘记他们走出国门、开发国际市场的历史。从1981年伊拉克800公里水管道的劳务输出开始，到1995年突尼斯282公里天然气管道项目，1999年苏丹1/2/4区1506公里原油管道项目，为管道局在国际上赢得了信誉。
2000年开始，管道局将国际市场开发纳入企业的发展规划，制定了国际市场开发战略。
他们设立了苏丹、利比亚、阿联酋、伊拉克、印尼、委内瑞拉和哈萨克斯坦等7个办事处。分别成立了苏丹工程项目部、监理项目部，利比亚工程项目部，哈萨克斯坦工程项目部。新战略将打造响亮品牌
新的时期，管道局确立了“创新思维，实现超越，争雄国内，走向世界”的企业精神，并将企业重新进行了定位：代表国家的先进水平、引领行业技术进步、具有国际驰名品牌的管道工程专业化公司。
在发展战略指导思想上，管道局实现了由国内重点工程建设为主向国内重点工程和国际工程并重转变，由施工型工程公司向施工加管理型工程公司转变。他们站在管道事业持续发展的战略高度，提出了“布网（建管道网络）、建库（参与国家地下储备库建设）、进城（加强城市燃气建设）、下海（开发海洋管道）”的发展方向，确立了打造世界驰名的管道专业化公司的宏伟目标。
One. Overview: The water spray system in support of the main ports of the reactor is expected machinery, ship unloader, and so on the track hanging. The main materials used to remove the pile, unloading, transport equipment in the course of covering the surface of dust, dust and so on. II. How it works: water spray system by the tanks, single-stage centrifugal pumps, piping, valves manually, one-way valve, pressure gauge, the level gauge glass, solenoid valves, such as the composition of the nozzle. Of the water spray system has three spray, a water tank with high and low level, low-level cease to be the first centrifugal pump, and then quickly connected to the joint, open water solenoid valve (1), the water began. High-level pay off solenoid valve (1), the water stopped. Ship unloader to work, when the hopper is expected to reach great time to open solenoid valve (4), began to spray nozzle to suppress dust. When the material arrived straight away when the tube closed solenoid valve (4) and at the same time open the solenoid valve (2), began to spray nozzle to suppress dust. When the materials reach the discharge belt machine shut down when the solenoid valve (2) and at the same time open the solenoid valve (3), began to spray nozzle to suppress dust, after the closure of the solenoid valve (3). The entire work after the end of the cycle should be based on the work of each cycle between the time the decision to shut down and restart the pump, in general, such as the work of each cycle in more than 10 minutes to stop centrifugal pump, in 10 minutes, then do not have to Centrifugal pump to stop. III. Technical parameters: 1. Single-stage centrifugal pumps: Model ISW65-250, traffic 25m3 / h, head 80m, electric power 15Kw, 415V/50HZ; 2. Pressure system: 0.8Mpa; 3. Flow system: 416.7L/Min ; 4. Nozzle: 32; 5. Tank capacity: 2m3; 6. Float liquid level controller: pressure 1Mpa, voltage 110V, contact capacity 200VA; 7. Solenoid valve: voltage 110AC 50HZ. IV. Debugging: the work before the ship unloader to check on the tank glass of water level, low-level water tank to be filled water, and then to see the front of the centrifugal pump cut-off valve is open, if opened should open the valve Centrifugal pump in order to avoid damage. Ship unloader at work to open centrifugal pump, the medium through a non-return valve, spray pipelines to reach each point, when the expected spray reach the point when the solenoid valve to open at the beginning of spraying water dust. Spray in each of the points are setting the solenoid valve by-pass valve for the purpose of the spray at the point when the damage to the closure of the solenoid valve solenoid valve before and after the throttle valve, in parallel to open the throttle, spray can point to normal , At the same time can be solenoid valve repair. Float on the water tank equipped with two liquid level controller, when the water tanks in low-level, low-level alarm float controller, the staff should be open water solenoid valve (1) to start adding water. When the water tank in high-level, high-level controller float sender to close the water solenoid valve (1) to stop adding water. In the system of setting the lowest drainage valve for release before the winter to make the water system. Water tank located at the bottom of the drainage valves (ball), for emptying the water in the tank. In the funnel large platform feeder vibration adapter I expected the Department set up a flushing device, by the ball, rapid joints, hoses, composed of high-pressure water jets. Need to use the washing device should be open centrifugal pump. (A) the use of pump pressure: pressure pumps form chart: 1. Start-up operation: a) hand-FAN BLADE Bozhuan motor, impeller should be no card mill, rotating flexible; b) set by hand pump in order to move lubricating fluid Into the end mechanical seal; c) the exhaust water, open the valve of imports, so full of liquid into the cavity pump until the entire pipeline is full of liquid and ensure the import of seal pipeline; d) the closure of the export valve to reduce the starting current; e) to connect power, determine the starting point in the right direction, from the motor FAN BLADE depends on for clockwise rotation; f) to gradually adjust the export of the valves open, as far as possible so that the pump's rated the work of state; g) the operation of the pump in the process of Found an unusual noise or sound, immediately inspect stopping; h) normal mechanical seal leakage should be less than 3 drops / min, electrical inspection, the Department bearing temperature rise of <70 ℃, more than the value of the reasons for inspection; i) Access to power, and then gradually to normal rotor tube spit on the road to open the valve, the valve in the closed, the pumps working hours in a row can not be more than 10 minutes. 2. Stop: a) spit shut down pipeline valves; b) cut off power to stop motor run; c) close the valve of imports; d) If the ambient temperature below 0 ℃ or pump out the long-term, should pump out water .