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ã åè¯å¯ä»¥å为ä¸æåè¯ï¼Proper Nounsï¼åæ®éåè¯ (Common Nounsï¼ï¼ä¸æåè¯æ¯æ个ï¼äºï¼äººï¼å°æ¹ï¼æºæçä¸æçå称ï¼å¦Beijingï¼Chinaçãæ®éåè¯æ¯ä¸ç±»äººæä¸è¥¿ææ¯ä¸ä¸ªæ½è±¡æ¦å¿µçåè¯ï¼å¦ï¼bookï¼sadnessçãæ®éåè¯åå¯å为ä¸é¢åç±»ï¼
ã 1ï¼ä¸ªä½åè¯ï¼Individual Nounsï¼ï¼è¡¨ç¤ºæ类人æä¸è¥¿ä¸ç个ä½ï¼å¦ï¼gunã
ã 2ï¼éä½åè¯ï¼Collective Nounsï¼ï¼è¡¨ç¤ºè¥å¹²ä¸ªä¸ªä½ç»æçéåä½ï¼å¦ï¼familyã
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ã 4ï¼æ½è±¡åè¯ï¼Abstract Nounsï¼ï¼è¡¨ç¤ºå¨ä½ãç¶æãåè´¨ãææ
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2.1 ä¸å®å è¯çç¨æ³
ããå è¯æ¯èè¯ï¼æ¬èº«ä¸è½åç¬ä½¿ç¨ï¼ä¹æ²¡æè¯ä¹ï¼å®ç¨å¨åè¯çåé¢ï¼å¸®å©ææåè¯çå«ä¹ãè±è¯ä¸çå è¯æä¸ç§ï¼ä¸ç§æ¯å®å è¯ï¼the Definite Articleï¼ï¼å¦ä¸ç§æ¯ä¸å®å è¯ï¼the Indefinite Articleï¼ï¼è¿æä¸ç§æ¯é¶å è¯ï¼Zero Articleï¼ã
ããä¸å®å è¯a (an)ä¸æ°è¯one åæºï¼æ¯"ä¸ä¸ª"çææãaç¨äºè¾
é³é³ç´ åï¼ä¸è¬è¯»ä½[e]ï¼èanåç¨äºå
é³é³ç´ åï¼ä¸è¬è¯»å[en]ã
ã1) 表示"ä¸ä¸ª"ï¼æ为oneï¼ææ人ææç©ï¼æ为a certainã
ãã A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.
ã2) 代表ä¸ç±»äººæç©ã
ãã A knife is a tool for cutting with.
ãã Mr. Smith is an engineer.
ã3) è¯ç»ææè¯ã
ãã a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden
2.2 å®å è¯çç¨æ³
ããå®å è¯theä¸æ示代è¯thisï¼thatåæºï¼æ"é£ï¼è¿ï¼ä¸ª"çææï¼ä½è¾å¼±ï¼å¯ä»¥åä¸ä¸ªåè¯è¿ç¨ï¼æ¥è¡¨ç¤ºæ个ææäºç¹å®ç人æä¸è¥¿ã
ã1ï¼ç¹æåæ¹é½æç½ç人æç©ï¼
ãã Take the medicine.ãæè¯åäºã
ã2ï¼ä¸ææå°è¿ç人æäºï¼
ãã He bought a house.ãI've been to the house.
ãã ä»ä¹°äºå¹¢æ¿åãæå»è¿é£å¹¢æ¿åã
ã3ï¼æä¸ä¸ç¬ä¸ç©äºçäºç©ï¼
ã the sunï¼ the skyï¼ the moonï¼ the earth
ã4ï¼åæ°åè¯è¿ç¨è¡¨ç¤ºä¸ç±»äºç©ï¼å¦ï¼the dollar ç¾å
;
the fox çç¸ï¼æä¸å½¢å®¹è¯æåè¯è¿ç¨ï¼è¡¨ç¤ºä¸ç±»äººï¼the rich å¯äºº; the living çè
ã
ã5ï¼ç¨å¨åºæ°è¯å形容è¯æé«çº§ï¼å形容è¯onlyï¼ veryï¼ sameçåé¢ï¼
ãã Where do you live?ãI live on the second floor.ã ä½ ä½å¨åªï¼æä½å¨äºå±ã
ãã That's the very thing I've been looking for.ã é£æ£æ¯æè¦æ¾çä¸è¥¿ã
ã6ï¼ä¸å¤æ°åè¯è¿ç¨ï¼ææ´ä¸ªç¾¤ä½ï¼
ã They are the teachers of this school.æå
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ã They are teachers of this school.ã (æé¨åæå¸)
ã7ï¼è¡¨ç¤ºææï¼ç¸å½äºç©ä¸»ä»£è¯ï¼ç¨å¨è¡¨ç¤ºèº«ä½é¨ä½çåè¯åï¼
ããShe caught me by the arm..ã她æä½äºæçæèã
ã8ï¼ç¨å¨æäºç±æ®éåè¯ææçå½å®¶å称ãæºå
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ã the People's Republic of Chinaã ä¸å人æ°å
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ã the United Statesã ç¾å½
ã9ï¼ç¨å¨è¡¨ç¤ºä¹å¨çåè¯ä¹åï¼ã She plays the piano.ã她ä¼å¼¹é¢ç´ã
ã10) ç¨å¨å§æ°çå¤æ°åè¯ä¹åï¼è¡¨ç¤ºä¸å®¶äººï¼
ããã the Greensã æ ¼æä¸å®¶äºº (ææ ¼æ夫å¦)
ã11) ç¨å¨æ¯ç¨è¯ä¸ï¼
ãããin the day, in the morning (afternoonï¼evening),ãthe day after tomorrowã
the day before yesterday,ãthe next morning,ã
in the sky (waterï¼fieldï¼country)ã
in the dark,ãin the rain,ãin the distance,ã
in the middle (of),ãin the end,
on the whole,ãby the way,ãgo to the theatre
2.3 é¶å è¯çç¨æ³
ã1) å½åï¼äººååé常ä¸ç¨å®å è¯ï¼Englandï¼Maryï¼
ã2ï¼æ³æçå¤æ°åè¯ï¼è¡¨ç¤ºä¸ç±»äººæäºç©æ¶ï¼å¯ä¸ç¨å®å è¯ï¼
ããThey are teachers. ä»ä»¬æ¯æå¸ã
ã3ï¼æ½è±¡åè¯è¡¨ç¤ºä¸è¬æ¦å¿µæ¶ï¼é常ä¸å å è¯ï¼
ããFailure is the mother of success.ã失败ä¹æåä¹æ¯ã
ã4ï¼ç©è´¨åè¯è¡¨ç¤ºä¸è¬æ¦å¿µæ¶ï¼é常ä¸å å è¯ï¼å½è¡¨ç¤ºç¹å®çæææ¶ï¼éè¦å å®å è¯ï¼
ããMan cannot live without water.ã人离å¼æ°´å°±æ æ³çåã
ã5ï¼å¨å£èãæ份ãèæ¥ã åæ¥ãæ¥æãææç表示æ¶é´çåè¯ä¹åï¼ä¸å å è¯ï¼
ã We go to school from Monday to Friday.ã æ们ä»ææä¸å°ææäºé½ä¸è¯¾ã
ã6ï¼å¨ç§°å¼æ表示å®è¡ï¼èä½çåè¯åä¸å å è¯ï¼
ã The guards took the American to General Lee.
ã 士å
µä»¬æè¿ä¸ªç¾å½äººéå°æå°åé£éã
ã7ï¼å¨ä¸é¤ãçç±»è¿å¨å娱ä¹è¿å¨çå称åï¼ä¸å å è¯ å¦ï¼have breakfastï¼play chess
ã8ï¼å½ä¸¤ä¸ªæ两个以ä¸åè¯å¹¶ç¨æ¶ï¼å¸¸çå»å è¯ï¼
ããI can't write without pen or pencil.ãã没æé¢ç¬åé
ç¬ï¼æå°±åä¸äºåã
ã9ï¼å½by ä¸ç«è½¦ç交éå·¥å
·è¿ç¨ï¼è¡¨ç¤ºä¸ç§æ¹å¼æ¶ï¼ä¸é´æ å è¯ï¼by busï¼by trainï¼
ã10ï¼æäºä¸ªä½åè¯ä¸ç¨å è¯ï¼å¦ï¼
ã schoolï¼collegeï¼prisonï¼marketï¼hospitalï¼bedï¼tableï¼classï¼townï¼churchï¼court ç个ä½åè¯ï¼ç´æ¥ç½®äºä»è¯åï¼è¡¨ç¤ºè¯¥åè¯çæ·±å±å«ä¹ï¼
ããã go to hospitalããå»å»é¢çç
ããã go to the hospitalã å»å»é¢ (并ä¸æ¯å»çç
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ã11)ä¸ç¨å è¯çåºæ°è¯ï¼
ãa. åºæ°è¯åæç©ä¸»ä»£è¯
ãb. åºæ°è¯ä½å¯è¯ã He came first in the race.
ãc. å¨åºå®è¯ç»ä¸ã at (the) first,first of all,ããfrom first to last
2.4 å è¯ä¸å½¢å®¹è¯+åè¯ç»æ
ã1) 两个形容è¯é½æå è¯ï¼è¡¨ç¤ºä¸¤ä¸ªä¸åä¸è¥¿ã
ãã He raises a black and a white cat.ã ä»å
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ã The black and the white cats are hers.ã è¿åªé»ç«åç½ç«é½æ¯ä»çã
ã2) å¦åä¸ä¸ªå½¢å®¹è¯æ å è¯ï¼åæä¸ç©ã
ãã He raises a black and white cat.ã ä»å
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2.5 å è¯ä½ç½®
ã1) ä¸å®å è¯ä½ç½®
ãä¸å®å è¯å¸¸ä½äºåè¯æåè¯ä¿®é¥°è¯åã注æï¼ã
ãa. ä½äºä¸å形容è¯ä¹åï¼ suchï¼whatï¼manyï¼halfï¼
ãã I have never seen such an animal.
ãã Many a man is fit for the job.
ãb. å½åè¯åç形容è¯è¢«å¯è¯as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰æ¶ï¼ä¸å®å è¯åºæ¾å¨å½¢å®¹è¯ä¹åï¼
ãã It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.
ãã So short a time.
ãã Too long a distance.
ãc. quiteï¼ratherä¸åæ°åè¯è¿ç¨ï¼å è¯æ¾å¨å
¶åã
ä½å½ratherï¼quite åä»æ形容è¯ï¼ä¸å®å è¯æ¾å
¶åååå¯ãå¦ï¼quite a lot
ãd. å¨asï¼though å¼å¯¼ç让æ¥ç¶è¯ä»å¥ä¸ï¼å½æ è¯ä¸ºå½¢å®¹è¯ä¿®é¥°çåè¯æ¶ï¼ä¸å®å è¯æ¾å½¢å®¹è¯åï¼
ããã Brave a man though he isï¼he trembles at the sight of snakes. ä»å°½ç®¡åæ¢ï¼å¯è§å°èè¿æ¯åæã
ãã å½åè¯è¢«æ¯è¾çº§å½¢å®¹è¯ä¿®é¥°æ¶ï¼ä¸å®å è¯é常置äºæ¯è¾çº§å½¢å®¹è¯ä¹åã
2) å®å è¯ä½ç½®
ã å®å è¯é常ä½äºåè¯æåè¯ä¿®é¥°è¯åï¼ä½æ¾å¨allï¼ bothï¼doubleï¼halfï¼twiceï¼three timesçè¯ä¹åï¼åè¯ä¹åã
ã All the students in the class went out.ãçéçææå¦çé½åºå»äº 谢谢é纳ï¼
ãã