Hardy (1840-1928) is an outstanding English realistic novelist and poet. Born in a small village adjacent to the Waste Land of Dorset. As an apprentice in his youth, he taught himself Latin, Greek and theological works.
He studied French at London University and began to write literature at the same time.
Tess is the representative work of Thomas Hardy, an outstanding British critical realist writer at the end of the 19th century. This novel establishes his position as the most outstanding British critical realist writer at the end of the 19th century.
Hardy wrote 14 novels in his lifetime, including Return of the Native, Mayor of Casterbridge, Tess of the D'Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure. He also wrote four short stories, eight lyrics and the epic The Kings.
Hardy's novels mostly reflect the changes of social economy, politics, morality, customs and the tragic fate of the people caused by the invasion of capitalist forces into English rural towns, expose the hypocrisy of the suffocating bourgeois moral and legal concepts, and eulogize the industrious, simple, honest and kind of the working people.
Tess, a beautiful and kind-hearted rural girl, was ravaged by the bourgeois young master, Ariel D'Urberville. From then on, she began to fall into the abyss of pain. Later she met Claire and they really loved each other.
On her wedding night, Tess told Claire about her tragic past in order to be loyal to her husband. In return, she left relentlessly. Forced by a difficult life, Tess fell into the hands of Are again. At this time, the return of Claire made Tess feel extremely desperate.
In order to live with her loved ones, she killed Ale, who brought endless pain to herself. A few days later, Tess was arrested and sentenced to death for murder. Clare followed Tess's instructions and started a new life with her sister.
In fact, Tess's tragedy is the result of many factors. First of all, Tess herself was a kind, innocent and rambling girl who had the courage to take responsibility.
When the family was in a bad state and had to turn to the so-called "Debo" family for help, Tess went to Tranland alone to take care of her family's livelihood.
After being insulted, she decided to leave again; she loved her family and children.
Tess was willing to continue to wronged herself for her parents, brothers and sisters, and to baptize her children after being insulted. Although she occasionally felt painful for herself as a "mother of a nameless child", she still "treated everything with peace of mind".
At the same time, Tess is also a brave pursuit of self-love. Although she was born in the countryside, she was different from those who lived in the countryside. In this land, most women think of marrying a rich family or clinging to a prestigious aristocrat.
Tess was different. She did not like Ariel and refused to be his mistress. Even though she was insulted and her reputation was damaged, she still firmly believed in herself.
Her love for Claire was unflinching. Although she had repeated her experience as a milkman in the dairy farm, when Claire found her again, she decided to leave with him.
However, from another point of view, Tess has her own hesitation and procrastination. Her deferral is different from the collapse of Hamlet's humanistic beliefs, but comes from the restraint of patriarchal ideas.
Tess's pursuit of love often wavered between the female independence under the humanistic belief and the fetters of patriarchal women.
The hardship of her family requires her to shoulder the responsibility of raising her family, which prevents her further pursuit of self-happiness. Humanistic beliefs also tell her that self-happiness is equally important.
Her love for Claire was influenced by her social attitudes, and her humanistic beliefs made her realize that she did not need to worry about the concept of family status.
Social morality is that she once considered herself a "sinner" and couldn't get the love she deserved. Then she cowered in Claire's repeated pursuits and consciously betrayed him.
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中文苔丝简介：
哈代(1840-1928)是英国杰出的现实主义小说家和诗人。生于紧邻多塞特郡大荒原的一个小村庄。少年时代当过学徒，自学了拉丁文、希腊文和神学著作。曾在伦敦大学进修法语，同时开始文学创作。
《苔丝》是19世纪末英国杰出的批判现实主义作家托马斯·哈代的代表作，这部小说确立了他19世纪末英国最杰出的批判现实主义文学家的地位。
哈代一生著有《还乡》、《卡斯特桥市长》、《德伯家的苔丝》和《无名的裘德》等14部长篇小说，还写有4部短篇小说集，8部抒情集和史诗剧《列王》。
哈代的小说大多以远离城市文明、保留着传统习俗的英国西南各郡农村为背景，反映了资本主义势力侵入英国农村城镇后所引起的社会经济、政治、道德、风俗等变化和人民的悲惨命运，揭露了使人窒息的资产阶级道德、法律观念的虚伪性，并讴歌了劳动人民的勤劳朴实、正直善良。
美丽、善良的农村姑娘苔丝遭到资产阶级少爷亚雷·德伯的蹂躏，从此开始陷入痛苦的深渊。后来她遇上克莱尔，两人真心相爱。
在新婚之夜，苔丝为了忠于丈夫，将自己过去的悲惨遭遇告诉了克莱尔，没想到换来的却是克莱尔的无情离去。为困顿的生活所迫，苔丝再次落入亚雷手中。此时，克莱尔的归来让苔丝感到无比绝望。
为了与心爱的人生活在一起，她杀死了给自己带来无尽痛苦的亚雷。几天后，苔丝被捕，以杀人罪判处死罪。克莱尔则遵照苔丝的嘱咐，带着她的妹妹开始了新的生活。
事实上苔丝的悲剧是多方面因素的共同结果。首先就苔丝本人来看，她是一个善良，勇于承担责任的天真且烂漫的少女。在家道落魄，不得不向所谓的“德伯”姓氏的人家求助之时，苔丝为照顾家中生计，独自一人赴特兰岭寻求帮助。
而在遭受侮辱之后，她又毅然决然地选择离开；她爱自己的家人和孩子。苔丝愿意为自己的父母和弟弟妹妹们不断地委屈自己，愿意为自己遭受侮辱之后生下的孩子施以洗礼。她虽偶尔为自己作为一个“没有名字的孩子的母亲”而感到痛苦，却依旧“心神恬然地对待一切”。
同时，苔丝也是一个勇于追求自我爱情的人。她虽出身乡土，但却又不同于乡土中那些得过且过的人们。在这片土地上，大多数的女人心中所想的是嫁给一个有钱的人家，或者攀附上一个有名望的贵族。
苔丝却不同，她不喜欢亚雷，拒绝成为他的情妇，即使在遭受侮辱，名声受损之后，仍坚定自己的信念。而她对克莱尔的爱是义无反顾的，虽然在奶牛场做挤奶工时，她曾有过反复，但最终当克莱尔再度找到她的时候，她毅然决然地选择和他离开。
可是，从另一个角度看，苔丝有着自身的犹豫不定和延宕的。她的延宕不同于哈姆雷特人文信念的倒塌，而是出自宗法观念束缚。苔丝对爱情的追求时常摇摆于人文信念下的女性独立和宗法制女性束缚之间。
门当户对的社会观念影响着她对克莱尔的爱，而人文信念又使她深知无需顾虑于门第观念。社会的道德是她一度认为自己是个“罪人”，无法得到应有的爱情，进而在克莱尔一次又一次的追求中畏缩不前，自觉辜负与他。
《德伯家的苔丝》，是哈代的代表作，是“威塞克斯系列”中的一部。它描写了一位农村姑娘的悲惨命运。哈代在小说的副标题中称女主人公为“一个纯洁的女人”，公开地向维多利亚时代虚伪的社会道德挑战。女主人公苔丝生于一个贫苦小贩家庭，被少爷亚历克诱奸，后与牧师的儿子克莱尔恋爱并订婚，在新婚之夜她把昔日的不幸向丈夫坦白，却没得到原谅，几年后，苔丝再次与亚历克相遇，后者纠缠她，因家境窘迫与仇人同居，不久克莱尔从国外回来，悔恨自己以往的冷酷无情，苔丝愤怒地将亚历克杀死。最后她被捕并被处以绞刑。