非谓语动词
★分词、不定式作宾补用法要点
一、分词、不定式作宾语补足语的区别
1．感官动词see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, notice 等和使役动词have 后面的宾补有三种形式，即原形动词（不带to 的不定式）、现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表主动或正在进行，过去分词表被动或完成，动词原形表主动和完成。如：
I heard her sing an English song just now.
刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。
I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.
昨天经过她房间时，我听见她在唱英文歌。
I heard the English song sung many times.
我多次听到有人唱这首英文歌。
注意：不及物动词的过去分词作宾补表完成和状态。如：
I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone. (状态)
I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much. (完成)
2．leave 后接三种形式作宾补时，其中的leave 保留了原来之义“留下”，但表达的确切之义应是“使……处于某种状态）。
leave sb. doing sth. 让某人一直做某事（宾语和宾补之间是主谓关系，表示动作正在进行。）
leave sth. undone 留下某事未做（宾语和宾补之间是动宾关系，表示被动和完成，一般以undone, unfinished, unsettled, untouched 为多）
leave sb. to do sth. 留下某人做某事
leave sth. to be done 留下某事要做（不定式表示将来的动作。）
如：It’s wrong of you to leave the machine running.
你让机器一直开着是不对的。（主动，正在进行）
The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they didn’t taste delicious.
客人们没有动大部分菜，因为它们尝起来不可口。（被动，完成）
He left, leaving me to do all the rest work.
他走了，留下我一人去做剩余的工所有工作。（主动，将来）
We hurriedly ended our meeting, leaving many problems to be settled.
我们匆匆忙忙地结束了会议，留下了很多问题等待解决。（被动，将来）
3．have, get 后接三种形式作宾补时，其中have, get 表示“使、让、叫”之意。
① have sth. done = get sth. done “使/让某事由别人去做”（叫/让某人做某事）。如
I’ll have /get my bike repaired tomorrow.
此外，have sth. done 还表示“使遭受……”之意。如
Tom had his leg broken while playing football.
Mr. Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday.
② have sb. / sth. doing 使/让某人/物持续地做某事（现在分词表示主动，正在进行）
get sb. / sth. doing 使某人/物开始行动起来
如：The peasants had the tractor working day and night at the harvest time.
农忙时，农民们让拖拉机夜以继日地干活。
The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest.
休息了片刻之后，上尉让士兵们开始朝前线行进起来。
注意：“have sb. doing”若用于否定句中，其中have 有“容忍”之意。如：
I won’t have you speaking to your parents like that.
我不会让你那样子跟你的父母说话。
Don’t have the water running all the time. 不要让水流个不停。
③ have sb. do sth. (get sb. to do sth. ) 使/让/叫某人去做某事
如：Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.
I can’t get him to stop smoking. He won’t listen to me.
二、下列动词后跟带to 的不定式作补语：
advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, invite, like, love, order, persuade, prefer, require, teach, tell, want, warn, wish, 等。如：
① An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered to issue clear warning before firing any shots.
② The teacher asked us not to make so much noise.
③ The flu is believed to be caused by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.
三、不定式、现在分词作宾补小窍门
下列动词后在主动语态中用不带to 的不定式作补语，但在被动语态中要加上to：
它们是“吾看三室两厅一感觉”——5看（look at, see, watch, notice, observe）；3使（make, let, have）；2听（listen to, hear）；1感觉（fell）。以上动词还可用现在分词作宾语补足语（5+3+2+1-2+4）：即以上动词除let, make 外都可以用现在分词作宾语补足语，此外find, catch, keep, have 也可以用现在分词作宾语补足语。
如：At that time, I found him crying in the street.
He was caught stealing. I’m sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.
The missing boys were last seen playing near the river.
★不定式、分词作定语用法要点
一、不定式作定语
1．作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。如：
The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.
There is nothing to worry about.
Please give me a knife to cut with.
Here is some paper for you to write on.
但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place 或way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。如：He had no money and no place to live (in).
We found a way to solve this problem (in).
2．当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。试比较：
Have you anything to send ? 你有什么东西要寄吗？（不定式to send 的动作执行者是“你”）
Have you anything to be sent ? 你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗？
（不定式to be sent 的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”）
3．用不定式作定语的几种情况：
不定式表将来：
I borrowed some books to read during my holiday.
用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any 等限定的中心词。如：
He was the best man to do the job.
She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.
Women and children were the first to get into the lifeboats.
用来修饰的词是抽象名词时，常见的有：ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way, reason, moment, time 等。如：
Do you have the ability to read and write English ?
I have a chance to go sight –seeing.
二、分词作定语
1．作定语的及物动词分词形式为：V –ing; being + 过去分词；当被修饰的名词与分词为主动关系时，用V –ing；当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表正在进行时，用being + 过去分词；当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表完成时，用过去分词。例如：
The houses being built are for the teachers.
The broken glass is Tom’s.
I have never seen a more moving movie.
2．作定语的不及物动词分词形式为：V –ing 和过去分词。V –ing 表示正在进行；过去分词表示已经完成。如：
falling leaves 正落的叶子 fallen leaves 落下的叶子
boiling water 正沸腾的水 boiled water 沸腾过的水（白开水）
三、不定式、过去分词和现在分词被动式作定语的区别
这三种形式作定语，主要是体现在动作的发生时间上。过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，或是没有一定的时间性。如：
Have you read the novel written by Dickens ?
He is a man loved and respected by all.
Don’t use words, expression_r_rs, or phrases known only to people with specific knowledge.
现在分词的被动式作定语时表示的动作正在发生或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。如：Listen ! The song being sung is very popular with the students.
不定式的被动式作定语时，表示一个未来的动作。
如：The question to be discussed at the tomorrow’s meeting is a very important one.
★不定式、动名词作宾语用法要点
一、下面动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下列小诗：
决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。
主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。
Decide / determine, learn, want, expect / hope / wish, refuse, manage, care, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask / beg, help
此外，afford, strive（斗争） 等也要用不定式作宾语。例如：
① She pretended not to see me when I passed by.
② We agreed to meet here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.
③ In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies are striving to make their products more competitive.
二、下列动词只能用动名词作宾语，请牢记下列小诗：
考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练，否认完成停欣赏，不禁介意准逃亡。
consider / suggest / advise, look forward to, excuse, pardon, admit, delay/ put off, fancy, avoid, miss, keep / keep on, practise, deny, finish, enjoy / appreciate, can’t help, mind, allow / permit, escape, imagine, forbid, risk
此外be used to, look forward to, lead to, devote to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, can’t stand (无法忍受), give up, feel like, insist on, put off, thank you for, apologize for, be busy (in), have difficulty / trouble (in), have a good / wonderful /hard time (in)等动词词组也要用动名词作宾语。
① The squirrels was lucky that they just missed being caught.
② I can hardly imagine Peter sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.
③ I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon.
三、下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别，要特别注意。
1. forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事 forget doing sth. 忘记已经做过某事
remember to do sth. 记住去做某事 remember doing sth. 记得曾经做过某事
regret to do sth. 后悔/遗憾去做某事 regret doing sth. 后悔做过某事
stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事 stop doing sth. 停止做一件事情
try to do sth. 努力/试图做某事 try doing sth. 尝试着做某事
mean to do sth. 意欲/想/企图做某事 mean doing sth. 意味着做某事
go on to do sth. (做完某事)接着做另一件事 go on doing sth.继续做同一件事(=go on with sth.)
can’t help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事 can’t help doing sth. 情不自禁地做某事
2．动词like, love, prefer 后接不定式或动名词作宾语均可。如表示经常性的行为可用动名词，如表示具体的行为常用动词不定式。但要注意：如果like, love, prefer 前有would /should 后面则应接动词不定式。如：
I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim this afternoon.
I’d like to go swimming this weekend.
3．在动词allow, advise, forbid, permit 后直接跟动名词形式作宾语，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。即：
allow / advise /forbid / permit doing sth.
allow / advise /forbid / permit sb. to do sth.
如：We don’t allow smoking here.
We don’t allow students to smoke.
4．动词need, require, want 作“需要”解时，其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语，表示事情需要做。这时动名词的主动式表示被动意义。be worth 后必须用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。此外，若动词need 表“需要”，require 表“要求”，want 表“想要”这些意义时，其后须接名词或代词作宾语，然后接不定式作宾语补足语。即：
need / require / want doing / to be done
need / require / want sb. to do sth.
be worth + n. (表示钱数或相当于钱数的名词)
be worth doing be worthy of being done
be worthy of + n. 值得…… be worthy to be done
如：The window needs / requires / wants cleaning.
The window needs / requires / wants to be cleaned.
窗户需要擦一下。
The place is worth visiting.
The place is worthy of a visit.
The place is worthy of being visited.
The place is worthy to be visited.
那个地方值得一去。
如：① only one of these books is worth reading.
② — What do you think of the book ?
— Oh, excellent, It’s worth reading a second time.
追问你说 如果是填动词indicate的时态， 怎么判断啊（就是是用现在分词还是过去分词），是不是看动词和主语的关系，如果是主动，也就是关系代词加上动词的复数形式，或者将其省略，直接用现在分词。如果是被动，则用关系代词加上系动词再加上动词的过去分词，只是which＋be能省略， 我这样说对吗 不对的请修改
追答没错，你说的是对的O(∩_∩)O哈哈~
追问它是个定语从句吗
追答是的the bell which indicates the end of the class rang. which修饰the bell。
追问对了 关键是为什么 indicating＝which indicates 能该成这个形式
追答indicating是动词ing做后置定语，而which indicates 是有先行词which 引导的定语从句，两者可以互换（在某些情况下）希望能帮到你O(∩_∩)O哈哈~
追问我知道是为什么了 因为v-ing能表示两种意思，一是主动，二是现在进行。 而这个句子，好像只能看成是主动，所以，用关系代＋动词的形式 又因为 他们可以省略，所以才是这个形式 这样说对吗
追答O(∩_∩)O对的