翻译解释经济学 问题

Question

Discuss the issue of horizontal mergers as a separate theory of market structure. Comment on the similarities and differences between this approach and the antitrust market definition approach pursued in practice within a merger investigation.

First set up a brief discussion of the two theoretical models (Cournot and Bertrand) and the conclusions drawn from each. Shortcomings in the analysis of the Cournot model (lack of coordinated effects, explain how these can be added in by altering the diagram, lack of consideration of expansion costs - explain how these can be added in by altering your diagrammatical analysis of the model, and any other shortcomings you can think of – these are numerous, make sure you justify those you do include).
How does this connect to what we have learned on how to make decisions based on the market definition test, which will determine the number and hence the type of competition conducted (in this case within the context of a merger inquiry) in practice? Is this approach more complete in terms of the determinants of the degree of competition included (supply and demand substitution considerations, extent of capacity constraints and/or barriers to entry, etc.) or less? To answer think of which considerations are already included in the theoretical method, which ones were not and you had to add in, and finally which ones (if any) were not and could not possibly be added in.
Note: there is no pro-forma answer and while many points are expected to be highlighted by the majority of essays on this topic, the whole point is that there is a variety of ideas (many of which I may not have thought of!) which are perfectly acceptable as long as they are justified.

Answer 1

讨论作为一个单独的理论，市场结构横向兼并的问题。评论的相似性和这种方法与反垄断市场的定义方法在实践中合并范围内开展调查的差异。

首先成立了两个理论模型的简短的讨论（古诺和Bertrand）和每个得出的结论。在古诺模型分析的缺陷（缺乏协调的影响，解释这些可以添加在通过改变图的扩展成本缺乏考虑-解释这些可以添加在通过改变你的模型，图解分析任何其他缺点，你能想到的-这是众多的，一定要解释那些你不包括）。
这怎么连接到我们对如何在实践中对市场的定义测试的决定，这将确定数目，因此，内进行合并调查范围内（在这种情况下，竞争型）学到了什么？这种方法是对更多的竞争程度上完成的决定因素包括（供应和需求替代的考虑，能力制约和/或进入壁垒等）或以下程度？为了回答认为，其中的考虑已经在理论方法，包括哪些是不，你必须加入，最后哪些（如果有的话）没有，也不可能加入英寸
注：没有备考的答案，而许多点预计将在关于这一主题的文章多数强调，整个问题是，有各种想法（其中许多可能没有想到的！）这是完全可以接受的，只要是合理的。

Answer 2

将横向兼并作为一个关于市场结构的单独理论
就这种方法与实践中使用的反垄断市场定义方法的相同点和相异点发表评论
首先，讨论两个理论模型数量竞争(Cournot)和价格竞争(Bertrand)并且给出各自的结论。Cournot分析的缺陷（缺少关于垄断竞争者的相互作用，解释这些相互作用如何加进到调整后的分析图表中，而且没有考虑的兼并的成本，还有一些你能考虑到的因素）
怎么联系到你在如何确定市场边界和类型的市场定义练习中学的知识？
是否这种方法在确定竞争程度方面更有效（考虑到供求替代，资本约束和市场进入壁垒）？回答这些因素是否已经纳入了理论模型中了，如果不是尝试加入这些因素（最后一个可以不用加入）。
注；没有标准答案，然而大多数的论点已经在有关这个问题的论文中被强调了，这些论点有许多的思想（有些可能我都没有想到）但只要合理我是可以接受的。
文章大意就是这样的，题目要求你讨论垄断竞争模型的修正，你要自己看看关于这个模型的论文。