语态：语态表示主语和谓语动词之间的关系，指出谓语动词的动作是由主语发出的还是主语是动词的承受者。英语中有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态。
1.主动语态：表示谓语动词的动作是由主语发出的。这时主语是动作的执行者。例如：
I have finished this work. 我完成了这件工作。（“have finished”这个动作是由“I”发出的，因此“I”就是动作的执行者。）
He went out when I got there.当我到那儿时，他出去了。
2.被动语态：当句子的主语是谓语动词的动作的承受者时，或者主语是动作的对象。因此，只有及物动词才有被动语态。例如：
He was punished by his father. 他受到他父亲的惩罚。(句中的“He”就是谓语动词“punished”的承受者。）
在被动语态的句子中，如果想强调动作的执行者时，用介词by加动作的执行者来表示。例如：
On the way home, he was beaten by Tom. 在回家的路上，他被汤姆打了。
The glass on the desk was broken by me. 桌子上的玻璃杯是我打碎的。
被动语态的用法：
常用的十种被动语态
被动语态的构成：助动词be ＋动词的过去分词。英语中最常用的被动语态有十种：
1.一般现在时：由am / are / is ＋done构成。例如：
I am often praised by the teachers. 我经常受到老师们的表扬。
He is a good teacher. He is respected by the teachers and his students. 他是位好老师，受到师生们的好评。
You are wanted on the phone.有你的电话。
2.一般过去时：由was / were＋done构成。例如：
I was asked to go to Harbin on business yesterday.我昨天被派往哈尔滨出差了。
This teaching building was completed the day before yesterday.这栋教学大楼是前天竣工的。
She was criticized because she was late for school yesterday.由于昨天上学迟到，她受到了批评。
This novel was published in 1998. 这本小说是在1998年出版的。
3.一般将来时：由shall / will be＋done构成。例如：
The sports meeting will be put off.运动会将被推迟。
I am sure that we shall be invited to the party.我们肯定会被邀请参加舞会的。
He will be sent to work the United States.他将被派往美国去工作。
4.一般过去将来时：由should / would be ＋done构成。例如：
He told me that he would be asked to attend the opening ceremony.他告诉我说他将被邀请参加开幕式。
She said that the work would be done by herself.她说她将自己做此工作。
I asked him if he would be criticized by the teacher. 我问他是否会受到老师的批评。
5.现在进行时：由am / are / is ＋being＋done构成。例如：
The new teaching building is being built. 新的教学大楼正在修建。
The street in front of my house is being widened. 我家前面的那条街道正在加宽。
Listen! He is being punished by the teacher.听！老师在惩罚他。
6.过去进行时：由was/ were ＋being＋done构成。例如：
He realized that he was being made fun of.他意识到有人在取笑他。
When I got there, the case which happened five days ago was being investigated.
我到那儿时，五天前发生的案件正在调查。
My little brother was being scolded by my father when I got home.
我到家时，我小弟弟正在受我父亲的责备。
7.现在完成时：由have / has ＋been＋done构成。例如：
This class has been taught by me for three years. 这个班我已经教了三年了。
He has been praised since he came here.自从他来这儿以来，一直受到表扬。
This computer has been repaired. 这台电脑已经修好了。
This novel has been translated into English and French.这本小说已被译成了英语和法语。
8.过去完成时：由had ＋been＋done构成：例如：
By the time I came back, the work had been finished.到我回来时，此工作已经完成。
When I got there , he had been killed.我到那儿时，他已经被人杀害了。
He told me that production costs in their factory had been greatly reduced.他告诉我说他们工厂的生产成本大大地降低了。
9.将来完成时：由shall / will ＋have＋been＋done构成。例如：
The work will have been finished by the time I come back. 到我回来时此工作将已完成。
The new factory will have been completed by the end of this month.到这个月末，这个新工厂将已竣工。
10.过去将来完成时：由should / would ＋have＋been＋done构成。例如：
It was reported that this building would have been completed by the end of this month.据报道，这栋楼将在这个月未以前将已竣工。
He said that Book one would have been finished by the end of this term.他说到本学期末以前第一册书将已学完。
现将各种时态的被动语态的构成列表如下：
时间 现在 过 去 将来 过 去 将 来
一般时 am(are, is ) done
was / were done
shall / will be done should / would be done
进行时
am (are, is )being done was /were being done
完成时 have(has)been done
had been done
shall / will have been done would have been done
情态动词和一些特殊情况的被动态：
1.情态动词的被动语态的构成：情态动词＋be＋动词的过去分词。例如：
This work must be finished before tomorrow. 此工作必须在明天以前完成。
She should have been criticized for her carelessness in the exam.她在考试中粗心大意，本来应该受到批评。
He must have been injured in that accident.在那次事故中他一定受伤了。
As we have known, good things can be turned into bad things.众所周知，好事也能变成坏事。
2.have to do , ought to do , be to do , 和 be going to do的被动式是把do变成be done。例如：
If you think we are to be bullied, you are wrong.如果你认为我们好欺侮的话，你错了。
This book is going to be finished next week.这本书将在下周写完。
This problem ought to have been taken into consideration.这个问题本来应该考虑吗。
在以下情况用被动语态：
1.不知道或也没有必要说明动作的执行者时：例如：
This city is well supplied with water.这个城市供水情况良好。
The meeting has been postponed till Friday.会议延期到星期五举行。
Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.请参观者不要用手摸展品。
2.当说话人强调动作的执行者时：例如：
This school was set up by me. 这所学校是我办的。
This teaching building was designed by my brother.这栋教学楼是我弟弟设计的。
常用的被动句句型
1、主语＋get＋过去分词＋其他。
本句型在口语中用的比较多。其特点不能和by＋动作的执行者连用。例如：
She got killed in the First World War.她在第一次世界大战中被杀害。
He got dismissed from the factory yesterday.昨天他被工厂开除了。
This story eventually got translated into English. 这篇小说终于译成了英语。
2、主语＋be＋形容词＋to＋be＋过去分词＋其他。
本句型的特点：谓语是由两部分合成的。第一部分是“be＋形容词”起着辅助说明的作用；而第二部分是不定式的被动态，起着决定性的作用。例如：
She was unlucky to be injured in that accident.她不幸的是在事故中受伤。
No matter where you go, you are bound to be received warmly. 你无论到哪儿，一定会受到热情地接待。
Cast Iron is apt to be broken.生铁容易破裂。
3、主语＋谓语＋to be ＋过去分词＋其它。
本句型的特点：谓语由两部分构成。第一部分是主动态，而第二部分是被动语态，是此句型表达的主要内容。例如：
Would you like to be taught English? 你愿意学习英语吗？
He asked to be sent to work in the countryside after graduation.毕业之后他请求到农村去工作。
He seemed to be shut up in himself like a shellfish.他看来像贝壳似地把自己关闭起来，一点也不作声。
4、主语＋被动式谓语＋介词或者副词＋by执行者。
本句型的特点是：被动的谓语动词之后本来就带有介词或者副词，一定要注意介词和副词不能省略。例如：
She was well looked after when I was away.当我不在时，她被照顾得很好。
That man over there can be depended on. 那边的那个人是可以依赖的。
5、 It（形式主语）＋被动式谓语＋名词或者形容词＋实际主语＋其它。
本句型的特点：It是形式主语，实际主语应该是动词不定式短语、动词不定式复合结构（for sb. to do sth.）、动词名词的复合结构（one’s doing ）。例如：
It was found hard for us to master English in a year.我们已经发现要在一年之内精通英语是很难的。
It was proved right to do it.做那件事已经证明是正确的。
6、 It＋被动式谓语＋实际主语（that或者连接疑问代词或者连接疑问副词＋从句）。
本句型的特点：It的用法和句型5相同，是形式主语，实际主语是由that或者疑问代词或者疑问副词引导的从句。把实际主语放在句尾，就是平衡句子结构。例如：
It has been made clear who will take part in the sports meet.谁将参加运动会已经宣布了。
It has been decided when and where we are to hold the meeting. 我们何时何地举行会议，已经决定了。
7、主语＋被动式谓语＋（介词）＋保留宾语＋（by＋执行者）。例如：
The matter was then reported to every student by telephone.这件事后来用电话报告给每个学生。
Education must be combined with production labor. 教育必须与生产劳动相结合。
Mr. Black was given a prize.布拉克先生得了奖。
8、主语＋被动式谓语＋主语补足语（不定式、现在分词、名词、形容词、介词短语等）＋（其它）。
本句型的特点：在主动句型中，补足语是宾语补足语；但在被动句中，是主语补足语。例如：
He was appointed manager of the company.他被任命为公司的经理。
His father was pronounced out of danger by the doctor. 医生已经宣布他的父亲脱离危险状态。
Because of his illness, he was not permitted to play cricket.因为他有病，不许他玩板球。
You needn’t have been kept waiting. 你们本来不必等了吗。
I lose my key. The truck had to be broken open.我丢了钥匙，只得把衣箱破开。
9、主语＋被动式谓语＋被动不定式＋其它。
本句型的特点：由于谓语动词是被动，其后的动词不定式也是被动，因此形成双重被动。例如：
Any books and magazines are not permitted to be taken out of the library. 任何书刊不准带出图书馆。
The chairman in this country is reported to have been murdered the day before yesterday. 据报道这个国家的主席前天被谋杀。
These arms are supposed to have been used by partisans during the Second World War.人们认为这种武器在第二次世界大战中被游击队使用过。
She is said to have been shot in the United States last year.据说去年她在美国被杀害。
使用被动语态时应注意的事项
1、动词be ＋过去分词这个结构，并非都是被动结构。有时是系表结构。两者的区别是：系表结构表示主语的所处的状态或者主语的特点；而被动结构表示动作。例如：
The bowl is broken. 这个碗碎了。（系表结构）
The bowl was broken by my little brother.这个碗是我小弟弟打破的。（被动结构）
The classroom is crowded with students.教室里挤满了学生。（系表示结构）
The students were crowded into the classroom.学生们被塞到教室里。（被动结构）
The teaching building is completed.教学楼已经修好。（系表结构）
The teaching building was completed last month.教学楼是上个月建成的。（被动结构）
2、在动词need，require 和want之后用主动表示被动。如：
The room needs cleaning / to be cleaned.这个房间需要清扫了。
The floor requires washing / to be washed. 地板需要洗刷了。
3、形容词worth之后用主动表示被动。例如：
The book is well worth reading. 这本书很值得一看.
He told Tom’s mother that Tom was not bright and was not worth teaching.他告诉汤姆的母亲,汤姆不聪明,不值得一教。
4、并非所有的及物动词都能变成被动态，当动词表示某种情况或状态时，而不是表示动作时，就不能用被动结构。常用的动词有：become of 结果成为，遭受，look like看起来象，suit适合，contain 包含，equal 等于，hold容纳，mean意味着，consist of 由……组成等。例如：
I joined the Party in 1978. 我是在1978入党的。
This room can hold 100 people. 这个房间能容纳100人。
This book belongs to me. 这本书属于我的。
5、 动词have不论在什么情况下都不能用于被动语态。
I have some English books.我有一些英语书。
We will have a meeting after class.下课之后我们开个会。
We had a wonderful time yesterday.昨天我们玩得很痛快。
6、当及物动词reach, leave , enter，turn 等的宾语是表示地点或者是处所时，只能用主动语态。例如：
I will ring you up as soon as I reach Beijing.一到北京，我就给你打电话。
She left Harbin for Shanghai the day before yesterday.前天她离开哈尔滨去上海了。
7、一般来说，当动词的宾语是动名词或者是不定式时不能变成被动语态。例如：
I hope to do this work by myself. 我希望自己做此工作。
Do you like to do some reading？ 你喜欢读点书吗？
8、当宾语是主语身体的一部分时，一般来说，不能变成被动语态。例如：
At the bad news, she shook her head sadly. 一听到这个坏消息，他就悲伤地摇了摇头。
You should not have put your hands into your pockets.你本来就不应该把手放在衣袋里。
9、将来进行时和完成进行时没有被动语态。如果遇到这种情况时，可以用一般将来时和现在完成完成时的被动语态来代替。例如：
We have been doing this work for about three hours.
This work has been done by us for about three hours.
我们做此工作一直做了大约三个小时了。
10、一些由动词变来的名词，以—er或者—or结尾时含有主动的意义，而—ee结尾时含有被动的意义。例如：
The employee says hello to the employer every morning.每天早晨雇员向雇主问候。
The payer didn’t believe in the payee.付款人不信任收款人。