急需翻译成英文，谢谢

Question

2．造成文化冲突现象的原因探究
造成中西文化冲突现象的原因多种多样，究其根本，就是因为中西双方有着不同的文化、不同的历史背景，必然带来人们思想、行为等多方面的差异，甚至是冲突，下面我们就来具体看一下有哪些主要的原因。

2.1思维模式存在差异
文化会影响人们对外界事物的看法和认识，不同的国家存在不同的文化，因此在思维模式方面必然存在差异，这一点在东西文化之间表现得尤为明显。西方文化的思维模式注重逻辑和分析，而东方文化的思维模式则表现出直觉整体性，这一点也是中国传统文化思维的特征。由于这种传统文化的影响，中国人往往特别重视直觉，注重认识过程中的经验和感觉，在交往中也往往以这种经验和感觉去“以己度人”。与西方人的思维模式相比，中国人的这种思维模式具有明显的笼统性和模糊性，久而久之，会形成一种思维定势，可以解释为识别和简化对外界事物的分类感知过程。从本质上说，思维定势往往忽视个体事物的差别，夸大与另外某一社会群体相关的认知态度，常常带有感情色彩，并伴有固定的信条。在所有的定势中，有些定势是正确的，而有些则是错误的，会直接影响跨文化交际，造成交际失误。

2.2行为规范各不相同
行为规范的具体含义就是指被社会所共同接受的道德标准和行为准则，简单的说，就是告诉人们该做什么和不该做什么的一种规范。不同文化背景的人们在交际时，经常出现的一个现象就是套用自身所在社会的行为规范来判定对方行为的合理性，由于双方的行为规范存在差异，常常会产生误解、不快甚至更坏的结果。比如说中国人轻拍小孩子的头部表示一种友好，而在西方国家，这是一种极不尊重小孩子的做法，父母会对此非常愤怒。所以说在跨文化交际中是否能够正确地识别和运用行为规范是保证跨文化交际顺利进行的重要因素。要保障跨文化交际的顺利进行，就必须理解对方的行为规范，尤其是什么行为是被禁止的，最好的办法就是遵循入乡随俗的原则。

2.3价值取向不同
人们的交际能力是在社会化的过程中产生的，必然与价值观念联系在一起。每一种文化都有自己特有的价值体系，这套体系能够帮助人们区分美与丑、善良与邪恶，这就是人们的处世哲学、道德标准和行为规范。但是它不能脱离具体的文化而存在，每一种文化的判断标准是不同的，这种文化认为是好的，另一种文化可能认为不好，但是它们在自己的文化体系内都有其存在的合理性，绝不可以理解为一种价值标准先进，而另一种价值标准落后。以中西文化为例，在中国文化中，人们推崇谦虚知礼，追求随遇而安，不喜欢争强好胜，同时社会风气也往往封杀过于突出的个人，正所谓“行高于众，人必非之”。在中国文化中，集体取向占据主导地位，追求个人发展被视为是一种严重的个人主义，必然会受到谴责。而西方文化则非常崇尚个人主义，“随遇而安”被看作是缺乏进取精神的表现，是懒惰、无能的同义语，为社会和个人所不取。人本位的思想根植于他们心中，人们崇尚独立思考，独立判断，依靠自己的能力去实现个人利益，并且认为个人利益至高无上。

Answer 1

2. creates the cultural conflict phenomenon the reason to inquireinto
Creates the China and the West culture conflict phenomenon thereason many and varied, investigates its fundamentally, is becauseChina and the West both sides have the different culture, thedifferent historical background, inevitably brings the people thought,the behavior and so on the various difference, even is conflicts,under we on specifically looked which main reasons has.

2.1 thoughts patterns existence difference
The culture can affect the people foreign thing the view andthe understanding, different national existence different culture,therefore inevitably has the difference in the thought pattern aspect,this point displays especially obviously between the thing culture.Western culture thought pattern attenion logic and analysis, but theEastern culture thought pattern displays the intuition integrity, thispoint also is the China traditional culture thought characteristic. Asa result of this traditional culture influence, the Chinese oftenspecially takes the intuition, the attenion knew in the process theexperience and the feeling, also often experiences in the contact bythis kind and felt "judges others by oneself". Compares with thewestern person's thought pattern, Chinese's this kind of thoughtpattern has obvious general and fuzziness, gradually, can form onekind of thought to decide the potential, may explain for therecognition and the simplification foreign thing classified sensationprocess. From essentially said that, the thought decides the potentialoften to neglect the individual thing the difference, exaggerates withother some social group correlation cognition manner, frequently hasthe sentimental color, and the partner has the fixed creed. In alldecides in the potential, somewhat decides the potential is correct,but some is wrong, can directly affect the cross cultural humanrelations, creates the human relations fault.

2.2 behavior standards are various
The behavior standards concrete meaning is refers to the moralstandard and the behavior criterion which is accepted together by thesocial institute, simple saying, tells the people to be supposed tomake any and should not make any one kind of standard. Differentcultural context people when human relations, frequently appears aphenomenon is applies mechanically own determines opposite partybehavior in society's behavior standards the rationality, as a resultof the bilateral behavior standards existence difference, frequentlycan have the misunderstanding, not quickly even a worse result. Forinstance said the Chinese pats child's forehead to express one kind ofunfriendliness, but in western nation, this is one kind extremely doesnot respect the child the procedure, the parents can extremely beregarding this angry. Therefore said in cross cultural human relationswhether can correctly the recognition and using the behavior standardsbe guaranteed the cross cultural human relations smoothly carry onimportant attribute. Must safeguard the cross cultural human relationssmoothly to carry on, must understand opposite party behaviorstandards, any behavior is in particular is forbidden, the best meansare a principle which follows does in Rome as Rome does.

2.3 values orientations are different
People's human relations ability is produces in the socializedprocess, inevitably with the value idea relates in together. Each kindof culture all has the oneself unique value system, this set of systemcan help the people to differentiate America and ugly, good and isevil, this is the people 处世 the philosophy, the moral standard andthe behavior standards. But it cannot be separated from the concreteculture to exist, each kind of cultural judgement standard isdifferent, this kind of culture thought is good, another kind ofculture possibly thinks not well, but they all have its existence inown cultural system the rationality, may not understand is one kind ofstandard of value advanced, but another kind of standard of value isbackward. Changes into the example by the China and the West article,in Chinese culture, the people esteem modest Trile, the pursue feel atease whatever the circumstances, does not like 争强好胜,simultaneously the social convention also often forces out tooprominent individual, just so-called "the line is higher than theaudiences, the person must must it". In the Chinese culture, thecollective orientation occupies the dominant position, pursuesindividual development to regard as is one serious individualism,inevitably can receive the condemnation. But western culture thenextremely advocates the individualism, "feels at ease whatever thecircumstances" is regarded as is lacks enterprising spiritual theperformance, is lazy, the incompetent synonym, and individual does nottake for the society. The person standard thought is rooted in theirheart, the people advocate the independent thinking, the independentjudgement, depends upon own ability to realize the personal interest,and thinks the personal interest supreme.

Answer 2

2.result in cultural conflict the reason of the phenomenon an investigation
Result in medium the Spanish turn the reason of conflict phenomenon varied, investigate it a root, be because of medium west both parties have different culture, different history background, bringing people to thought by all means, behavior etc. various difference even is a conflict, below we come right away to concretely take a look to have which main reasons.

2.1 existence difference of the thinking modes
The culture will influence people outward the viewpoint of boundary thing and understanding, different of the nation exist different culture, so exist difference by all means in the thinking mode, this expresses between the thing culture is obvious particularly.The thinking mode of west culture pays attention to logic and analysis, and the thinking mode of oriental culture then expresses an intuition whole, the characteristic which is also a Chinese traditional cultural thinking.Because this kind of tradition the influence of the culture, the Chinese usually value intuition specially, paying attention to the understanding experience and the felling within process, also usually "place oneself in another's place" by this kind of experience and felling in the association.Compared with the western person's thinking mode, Chinese of this kind of thinking mode have obvious general and faintness, will become a kind of thinking to settle power as time passes, can explain to realize mistake a distance for the classification feeling which identifies and simplifies outward boundary thing.Say from the essence, the thinking settles power to usually neglect the difference of individual thing, exaggerating and moreover some one social community related cognition attitude, usually take an affection color, and the companion contain fixed creed.In the havings of settle the power, it is certainly some to is right certainly, but some then false of, will influence cross-cultural social intercourse directly, result in the social intercourse mistake.

2.2 behavior norms are each not same
The concrete meaning of[with] behavior norm be point is accepted together by the society of morals standard and behavior standard, say in brief, be tell people should be what with shouldn't do what of a kind of norm.People of different cultural background at social intercourse, usually appear of a phenomenon is a set of behavior norm which uses oneself place a society to judge the rationality of the other party behavior, usually produce a misunderstanding because of both parties' existence difference of the behavior norm, not and quickly even all the worse result.The head which says the Chinese tap child for example means a kind of amity, but at west nation, this is the way of doing that a kind of pole doesn't respect child, the parents will cut up rough very much to this.So say in the cross-cultural social intercourse whether can identify with accuracy with usage behavior's norm is promise cross-cultural social intercourse smoothly progress of important factor.To guarantee cross-cultural social intercourse smoothly progress have to comprehend the behavior norm of the other party, particularly is what behavior is forbidden, the best way is the principle which follows to adopt the customs of the natives.

2.3 value mindset dissimilarity
Output in the process that people's social intercourse ability is acculturating of, contact the concept of value together by all means.A kind of each cultures has special oneself worth system, this system can help people to distinguish analyse beautiful and ugly, docile and improbity, these is people's conducting philosophy, morals standard and behavior norm.But it can't escape from concrete culture but existence, each a kind culture of judgment the standard is different, this kind of the culture think is okay, another culture may think not good, they all have it existence in own cultural the system of rationality, can't comprehend to an a kind to be worth standard extremely forerunner, but another a kind value standard fall behind.With medium the Spanish change into an example, in the Chinese culture, people worship condescension refined, pursue with meet and Anne, don't like to compete for supremacy to love to excel, in the meantime social values also usually the force-out is personal too outstanding, just so-called"go high in many, person necessarily and not it".In the Chinese culture, the collective mindset occupies a predominance position, pursuing personal development to be seen to a kind of individualism of severity, will be subjected to a rebuke by all means.But the western culture then emphasizes individualism very much, "with meet but Anne"'s ising seen make is the performance which lacks enterprising spirit, is lazy and incapable together righteousness language, is a society with personal don't take.The thought root of person's basis plants in their heart, people emphasize an independent thinking, independence judgment, depend on depend on oneself of the ability to carry out personal benefits, and think personal benefits to high and highest.

仅供参考,谢谢

Answer 3

我不懂英文啊