直接引语变间接引语和宾语从句的三个问题（专业人士进）

Question

1.宾语从句中有四种情况只能用whether不能用if（介词；or not；放句首；不定式），那么直接引语变间接引语也遵循此原则么？2.直接引语变间接引语属于宾语从句么？3.直接引语变间接引语时态与主句一致（即主句是一般现在时，从句时态不变；主句是一般过去式，从句与主语时态一致）宾语从句也遵循此原则么？

Answer 1

1．直接引语的特点　　直接引语用来直接引述别人的话语，一般说来具有以下五个特点：　　（1）被引用的话放在引号内；　　（2）被引用的话是原话，不作任何改动；　　（3）引用的话之前用“，”或“：”；　　（4）引用的话结束后，需用“．”、“!”、“?”等标点符号；　　（5）引出直接引语的引述动词常为say(说道)，ask(问道)，shout(喊道)，cry(喊道)，order(命令)，add(补充道)，smile(微笑道)，laugh(大笑道)等。e.g.Laura said,“I would like to visit China this summer.”劳拉说：“今年夏天，我想去中国游览。”“Mary will give me a nice present,”Bobbie said.博比说：“玛丽要给我一件精美的礼物。”Lisa asked,“Can someone help me out?”丽莎问：“有人能帮我吗?”David said to me,“I have been ill since 1ast week.”大卫对我说：“自上周以来，我一直病着。”Justin asked his mother,“Can I watch TV for a while?”贾斯廷问妈妈：“我能看一会儿电视吗?”Paula said,“There’ll be a lecture tomorrow afternoon.”保拉说：“明天下午有一个讲座。”The doctor asked:“What’s the matter with you?”医生问：“你怎么了?”2．间接引语的特点　　间接引讲用来转述别人的话语，它主要有如下几个特点：　　（1）在引述谓语和被引用的话语之问不用逗号、冒号、引号等；　　（2）有时态的变化；　　（3）有人称、时间、地点等的变化；　　（4）常用的引述动词有say(说道)，ask(问道)，shout(喊道)，cry(喊道)，order(命令)，add(补充道)，smile(微笑道)，laugh(大笑道)等。e.g.Mill said that he would stay in China for another year.米尔说他将在中国再呆一年。Lily told me that she had phoned you.莉莉告诉我她给你打过电话。The girl asked me if I could help her.小姑娘问我是否能帮她。Tamara asked Tanya when they would start off.特玛拉问塔尼亚他们什么时候出发。(二)直接引语与间接引语的转换　　直接引语在很多情况下可以转换成间接引语，此时应注意人称、时态、地点状语和时间状语的变化，同时还应注意不同句式的变化。1．人称的变化　　直接引语中的代词变为间接引语时，要根据句意情景进行变化。变化规则如下表所示：直接引语间接引语第一人称第三人称或第一人称第二人称第三人称或第一人称第三人称第三人称e.g.I said,“I won’t lose heart.”→I said that 1 wouldn’t lose heart.我说我不会灰心的。(第一人称I不变)I told Mary,“We will help you out of trouble.”→I told Mary that we would help her out of trouble.我告诉玛丽我们会帮助她解决麻烦的。(第一人称we不变，第二人you变为第三人称her)Nancy told her parents,“Evan is a nice boy. He is always ready to help.”→Nancy told her parents that Evan was a nice boy and that he was always ready to help.南希告诉父母说伊文是一个不错的小伙并且他总是乐于助人。(第三人称he不变)2．时态的变化　　主句中谓语动词的时态如果是现在时或将来时，则间接引语中时态和原直接引语的时态一样，不作改变。e.g.Carson says,“I will have all of you over and enjoy our free and easy time.”→Carson says that he will have all of us over and enjoy our free and easy time.卡森说他会让我们都过来自由、轻松地好好玩一玩。（1）时态变化的情况如果主句为过去的某种时态，则间接引语的时态应相应向前推一个时态，如下表所示：直接引语间接引语直接引语间接引语一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时过去将来时一般过去时过去完成时现在完成时过去完成时现在进行时过去进行时过去完成时e.g.Tina said,“I usually get up at six.”→Tim said she usually got up at six.蒂娜说她通常六点起床。(一般现在时变为一般过去时)Martin told me,“I rang Alice yesterday.”→Martin told me that he had rung Alice the day before.马丁告诉我说他昨天已经给艾丽斯打电话了。(一般过去时变为过去完成时)Nina told me,“Lisa is studying abroad.”Nina told me that Lisa was studying abroad.尼娜告诉我丽莎正在国外学习。(现在进行时变为过去进行时)Hayley said to me,“I will see you at the same place tomorrow.”→Hayley said to me that she would see me at the same place the next day.海莉对我讲她第二天要在同一地点见我。(一般将来时变为过去将来时)Nell said,“I have worked out this problem.”→Nell said that she had worked out that problem.内尔说她已经做出了那道题目。(现在完成时改为过去完成时)Bob told me,“I had worked here for years before I moved out.”→Bob told me that he had worked there for years before he moved out.鲍勃告诉我说他在那儿工作了多年才搬走。(过去完成时不变)（2）时态不需要变化的几种情况　　一般说来当直接引语转为间接引语，被转述的话依然有效或在当时、当地转述时，常常不改变时态。具体有以下几种情况。①直接引语有确定的过去时间时。e.g.Chloe said,“The story took place in the 1930s.”→Chloe said that the story took place in the 1930s.克劳说这个故事发生在二十世纪三十年代。②只着眼于转述事实，而不侧重动作先于转述动作的时间时。e.g.The boy said,“I found the dog just at the edge of the wood.”→The boy said that he found the dog just at the edge of the wood.男孩说他在森林边上发现了那条狗。③所转述的动作或状态说话时仍在继续，并对此点加以强调时。e.g.The reporter said,“The war is now still on.”→The reporter said that the war is now still on.记者说战争依然在继续。Charlie told me,“I am just helping my dad on the farm right now.”→Charlie told me that he is just helping his dad on the farm right now.查理告诉我说他现在正在农场帮他父亲干活。④所转述的是自然现象、科学真理、名言警句等，并对此加以强调时。e.g.Our English teacher said,“All work no play makes Jack a dull boy.”→Our English teacher told US that all work no play makes Jack a dull boy.我们的英语老师告诉我们只顾学习不休息，聪明的孩子也变傻。3．指示代词的变化直接引语中的this在变为间接引语时应改为that，these改为those。e.g.Toby said to me,“This is the School Computer Center.”→Toby said to me that was the School Computer Center.(this变为that)托比告诉我说那就是学校计算机中心。Kerry told me,“These photos were taken ten years ago.”→Kerry told me that those photos had been taken ten years before.(these变为those)克里告诉我说那些照片是十年前拍的。注意：在说话者的当时、当地转述时，this，that不用改变。—Nora said,“I’ll take this book.”—What did Nora say just now?—She said she will take this book.4．时间状语的变化直接引语间接引语now现在then那时today今天that day那天this evening今晚that evening那天晚上yesterday昨天the day before前天yesterday morning昨天上午the morning before前天早晨last night昨天晚上the night before前天晚上two days ago两天前two days before两天前next week下周the next weekthe following week第二周tomorrow明天the next daythe following day第二天the day before yesterday前天two days before两天前the day after tomorrow后天in two days’ timetwo days after两天后e.g.Nell said,“I’m now visiting China.”→Nell said that she was then visiting China.内尔说她当时正访问中国。(now变为then)Rebecca asked me,“Have you got anything on this evening?”→Rebecca asked me whether I had got anything on that evening.丽贝卡问我那天晚上是否有事。(this evening变为that evening)Joanna said,“Professor Black is going to give a lecture on SARS next week.”→Joanna said that Professor Black was going to give a lecture on SARS the next week.乔安娜说布莱克教授第二周要做一场有关非典的讲座。(next week变为the next week)特别提示在说话者的当时、当地转述时，所说的话在转述时还起作用，时间状语不变。e.g.—Jimmy, we’ll take a trip to Hawaii tomorrow.吉米，明天我们到夏威夷去旅行。—What did Daddy say just now, Mummy?妈妈，爸爸说什么？—He said we’ll take a trip to Hawaii tomorrow.他说明天我们去夏威夷旅行。5．地点状语的变化常见的地点状语变化是把here，变为there。另外over here应变为over there。e.g.The boy said,“This is the first time I have been here.”→The boy said that that was the first time he had been there.这个男孩说那是他第一次到那个地方。(here变为there)Roman told me,“I just put all the things over here.”→Roman told me that he had just put all the things over there.罗曼告诉我他刚才把所有的东西都放在那边了。(over here变为over there)特别提示在说话者的当时、当地转述时，here，over here不用改变。e.g.—Will you come here, Jim?吉姆请到这边来，好吗？—What does Robert say?罗伯特刚才说什么？—He asked if you will come here.他问你是否可以到这边来。6．方向性动词的变化在直接引语变为间接引语时，表示方向性的动词bring，come应变为take，go。e.g.My sister asked me,“Could you bring the chairs upstairs?”→My sister asked me if I could take the chairs upstairs.我的姐姐问我能否把椅子拿到楼上去。(bring变为take)Helen told me,“I’d prefer you to come to the party this weekend.”→Helen told me that she would prefer me to go to the party that weekend.海伦告诉我她愿意让我那个周末去参加宴会。(come变为go)特别提示当某一地点成为说话者或听话者谈论的中心时，尽管远离双方，在间接引语中依然用bring，come。e.g.Lisa said that she’d like me to come to the party.丽莎说她愿意让我去参加宴会。(the party为说话的中心)Terence asked me if I could bring my DV Camera on the trip.特伦斯问我旅行时是否可以带着数码摄像机。(the trip为说话的中心)(三)不同句式的直接引语怎样转换为间接引语　　人们在说话时常用四种不同的句式，即陈述句式、疑问句式、祈使句式和感叹句式，在转述这些不同的内容时应运用不同的句式。1．陈述句　　将直接引语中的陈述句转化为间接引语时变成由that引导的宾语从句，that可以省略。主句引述动词主要为say(说)，tell(告诉)，repeat(重复)，answer(答道)，reply(答道)，explain(解释说)，think(认为)，believe(坚信)，suggest(建议)，advise(建议)等。e.g.Chad said,“I’m going to take up literature this term.”→Chad said (that) he was going to take up literature that term.查德说他那个学期要选修文学。Perry told his parents,“What I want is not money, but love from you.”→Perry told his parents (that) what he wanted was not money but love from them.佩里告诉他的父母说他想要的不是钱，而是来自父母的爱。Doctors usually advise,“People should live a free and easy life.”→Doctors usually advise (that) people should live a free and easy life.医生经常建议人们应该过得轻松愉快。2．疑问句　　直接引语中的疑问句变为间接引语时必须用陈述句语序，句末用句号。主句引述动词是say时，要改为ask(问)，wonder(想知道)，don’t know(不知道)，want to know(想知道)，be not sure(拿不准)，be puzzled(纳闷)等。e.g.Bridget said,“Do all of you often write to your parents?”→Bridget asked if/whether all of us often wrote to our parents.布里奇特问我们是否经常给父母写信。(一般疑问句变为if/whether引导的宾语从句)Carmen asked me,“You are interested in computer studies, aren’t you?”→Carmen asked me if/whether I was interested in computer studies.卡门问我是否对电脑研究感兴趣。(反意疑问句变为if/whether引导的宾语从句)I asked Sally,“Will you stay with me or go by yourself on a picnic?”→I asked Sally whether/if she would stay with me or go by herself on a picnic.我问莎莉她是和我呆在一起，还是自己独自去野餐。(选择疑问句变为whether/if…or…引导的宾语从句)“What are your parents and where do they live?”the policeman asked me.→The policeman asked me what my parents were and where they lived.警察问我父母是干什么的，住在哪里。(特殊疑问句变为由特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句)3．祈使句　　祈使句变为间接引语时须将祈使句的谓语动词变成不定式，作宾语补足语，原主句引述动词say须改为ask(让)，tell(告诉)，order(命令)，beg(乞求)，warn(警告)，advise(建议)等。否定句需要在不定式前加上not。有的祈使句表示建议需要改成“suggest/advise that…+(should)+…”结构。e.g.“Come in and sit down, please!”Cher said to us.→Cher told/asked us to come in and sit down.雪儿让我们进来坐下。“Don’t always be so nervous, John”, one of them said.→One of them told John not to be so nervous.其中一个人告诉约翰不要紧张。“Try one more time and see what will happen”, the teacher said.→The teacher advised that they should try one more time and see what would happen.老师建议他们应再试一次看看结果如何。4．感叹句感叹句变为间接引语时可用what或how引导，也可用that引导。e.g.“What a lovely day it is!”they all shouted.→They all shouted what a lovely day it was.They all shouted how lovely a day it was.They all shouted that it was a lovely day.典例剖析例题1．Last Sunday my brother told me,“I’m going to see you tomorrow.”(改为间接引语)解题技巧：　　此句改为间接引语时需要改动的地方首先是人称I要根据主语my brother改为he，you要根据me改为me。第二是is going to要改为was going to。第三是tomorrow要改为the next day。答案：　　Last Sunday my brother told me (that) he was going to see me the next day.例题2．He asked Li Ying,“Were you watching TV at this time yesterday?”(改为间接引语)解题技巧：　　此句改为间接引语时，首先要知道这是一般关系问句的直接引语改为间接引语，要加连接词if或whether，时态可以不用改，但yesterday要改为the day before。人称you要根据Li Ying用he或she。答案：　　He asked Li Ying if/whether he/she was watching TV at this time the day before.例题3．He said that he would do it.(改为直接引语)解题技巧：　　首先去掉连接词that，人称he改为I，would改为will。再加上引号。答案：　　He said,“I will do it.”