、英语词类与句子成分:
1. 词类:英语词汇分为十类,包括名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词和感叹词。
- 名词(n.)代表人物、事物、地点或抽象概念,例如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange。
- 代词(pron.)用于替代名词,例如:who, she, you, it。
- 形容词(adj.)描述人或事物的性质或特征,例如:good, right, white, orange。
- 数词(num.)表示数量或顺序,例如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth。
- 动词(v.)表示动作或状态,例如:am, is, are, have, see。
- 副词(adv.)修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等,例如:now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly。
- 冠词(art.)用于名词前,帮助说明名词,例如:a, an, the。
- 介词(prep.)表示名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系,例如:in, on, from, above, behind。
- 连词(conj.)用于连接词、短语或句子,例如:and, but, before。
- 感叹词(interj.)表达喜、怒、哀、乐等情感,例如:oh, well, hi, hello。
2. 句子成分:英语句子包含七种成分,为主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。
- 主语是句子所述的人或事物,回答“谁”或“什么”,通常由名词或代词担任,例如:“I’m Miss Green.”
- 谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”,由动词担任,例如:“Jack cleans the room every day.”
- 表语在系动词后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答“什么”或“怎么样”,通常由名词、代词或形容词担任,例如:“My name is Pingping.”
- 宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答“什么”,通常由名词或代词担任,例如:“He can spell the word.”
- 定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任,例如:“Shanghai is a big city.”
- 状语修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任,例如:“He works hard.”
- 宾语补足语用来说明宾语的情况,通常由形容词或动词充当,例如:“They usually keep their classroom clean.”
基本句型与扩句:
英语基本句型分为五类,分别是SV(主+谓)、SVP(主+谓+表)、SVO(主+谓+宾)、SVO间O直(主+谓+间宾+直宾)和SVOC(主+谓+宾+宾补)。
- SV句型的句子谓语动词能表达完整意思,通常是不及物动词,后面可跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等,例如:
1. The moon rose.
2. What he said does not matter.
3. They talked for half an hour.
4. The pen writes smoothly.
- SVP句型的句子谓语动词不能表达完整意思,必须加上表语构成复合谓语,例如:
1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary.
2. The dinner smells good.
3. His face turned red.
- SVO句型的句子谓语动词具有实义,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,例如:
1. Who knows the answer?
2. He has refused to help them.
3. He enjoys reading.
4. They ate what was left over.
- SVO间O直句型的句子谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语,一个是动作的直接承受者,另一个是动作的间接承受者,例如:
1. She cooked her husband a delicious meal.
2. He brought you a dictionary.
3. I told him that the bus was late.
4. He showed me how to run the machine.
- SVOC句型的句子谓语动词只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整意思,必须加上宾补来补足宾语,例如:
1. They appointed him manager.
2. They painted the door green.
3. What makes him think so?
4. He asked me to come back soon.
5. I saw them getting on the bus.
常用的英语句子通常不会像基本句型这样简短,它们通常在基本句型的成分前或后增加修饰语以扩大句子,如:
- We found the hall full.
- We found the great hall full of students and teachers.
- We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report.
- We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report made by a comrade from the People's Daily on current affairs in East Europe.
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