In 1303, Dalton inherited the ancient Greece simple atom to discuss with the Newton corposcular theory, proposed the atomic theory, its main point: (1) chemical element by not the separable particle - atomic building, it the smallest unit which may not again divide in all chemical change.(2) homogeneous element atomic nature and the quality are all same, the different element atom nature and the quality are various, the atomic mass is one of element basic characteristics.When (3) different element chemical combination, the atom compares the union by the simple integer.The inferential reasoning and with tests the certificate law of multiple proportions.If one kind of element quality fixed time, then another element becomes certainly the simple integer ratio in each kind of compound quality.
In 19 century's ends, the radioactive element was discovered one by one that, their fission fact breaks through the traditional ideas which the atom cannot again divide.In 1897 English scientist Thomsen discovered in the atom has the belt negative charge electron.All these were driving the scientists explore atomic the intrinsic structure.
In 1904, English scientist Thomsen first proposed the raisin bread atomic model.He thought since the electron is so small, also that light, therefore the original innertube positive electricity part floods the entire atom, but the very small very light electronic immersion in the positive electricity atmosphere, this direct positive raisin inlays in the bread such.Electricity innertube negative charge by atomic inner tube positive charge part counterbalance, therefore the atom is electric neutrality.Thomsen's atomic model can explain the atom is electric neutrality, but also can estimate the atomic radius is approximately 100pm(10-10m), therefore it is in fashion for more than 10 years, later the accident is overthrown by Thomsen's student Rutherford.
In 1911, Rutherford and the geiger with alpha the granule bombardment metallic foil, and used the fluorescent screen record granule scattering phenomenon the situation.He discovers the majority of alpha granules according to the straight line penetration metallic foil, only then the extremely few part of alpha granules come back by the resilience or the deflection very great angle.This experiment showed fully intratomic has the very big space, but the positive charge part concentrates in the atomic center minimum spheroid, here occupies the atomic mass above 99%.Therefore, he concluded Thomsen's raisin bread atomic model symbol reality, simultaneously he decisively does not propose the new atomic model. In 1912, Rutherford related in solar system the planet to circle the solar revolving situation to propose the new atomic model was the belt positive electricity atomic nucleus center the atom, occupied the atomic mass the major part, in direct positive solar system solar such; The belt negative electricity electronic encirclement atomic nucleus makes the high speed movement.According to this model may estimate the atomic diameter is 100pm, the electronic diameter is 1fm, the nuclear diameter is 10~0.1fm, the atomic interior has the very big space.
In 1913, Rutherford's student, Danish physicist Bohr will be born the soon quantum theory to utilize in the atomic structure model, proposed: The electron to circle the nucleus on some specific possible tracks to make the circular motion, is higher to a nucleus farther energy; The possible track by the electronic angular momentum to have to be h/2π integral multiple decision; When electron when these possible tracks movement the atom does not launch also the nonabsorbing energy, only then when the electron jumps from a track to another track the atom only then launches or the absorbed energy, moreover launches or the absorption radiation is monofrequent, between the radiation frequency and the energy relates by E=hν gives.Therefore Bohr an achievement has had the honor to receive in 1922 the Nobel physics prize.
Bohr has developed his Mr./Mrs. Rutherford's theory, but he still does not have to get rid of the traditional theory completely the influence.In his theory, utilizes the new theory method from time to time, from time to time utilizes traditional the theory, this causes him regarding the atomic structure, the granule law of motion explanation also to have many self-contradictory places.
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