The Concept of Intelligence in Cross-cultural Perspectives
跨文化视野中的智力概念
[1] One of the positive outcomes from so much research on the relationship between culture and intelligence is an expanded view of what intelligence may be, and how it may be conceptually related to culture. This issue is intricately intertwined with cross-cultural research on intelligence because one of the possible confounding factors in previous studies that documented cultural differences has been cultural differences in the very concept and meaning of intelligence.
【1】文化和智力之间的关系研究的一个积极成果，是对智力可能是什么的扩展看法，以及它与文化概念上的关系。这个问题错综复杂的交织在一起的跨文化研究情报，因为在以前的研究中，可能存在的混杂因素之一，记录文化差异的文化差异的概念和意义的情报。
[2] Researchers in this area have discovered that many languages have no word that corresponds to our idea of intelligence. The closest Mandarin equivalent, for instance, is a Chinese character that means “good brain and talented”. Chinese people often associate this concept with traits such as imitation, effort, and social responsibility. Such traits do not constitute important elements of the concept of intelligence for most Americans.
[ 2 ]在这一领域的研究人员发现，许多语言没有与我们的智力观念相一致的词。例如，最接近的普通话，是一个汉字，意思是“良好的大脑和人才”。中国人常把这个概念与模仿、努力和社会责任等特征联系在一起。对于大多数美国人来说，这些特征并不构成智力概念的重要组成部分。
跨文化视野中的智力概念
[1] One of the positive outcomes from so much research on the relationship between culture and intelligence is an expanded view of what intelligence may be, and how it may be conceptually related to culture. This issue is intricately intertwined with cross-cultural research on intelligence because one of the possible confounding factors in previous studies that documented cultural differences has been cultural differences in the very concept and meaning of intelligence.
【1】文化和智力之间的关系研究的一个积极成果，是对智力可能是什么的扩展看法，以及它与文化概念上的关系。这个问题错综复杂的交织在一起的跨文化研究情报，因为在以前的研究中，可能存在的混杂因素之一，记录文化差异的文化差异的概念和意义的情报。
[2] Researchers in this area have discovered that many languages have no word that corresponds to our idea of intelligence. The closest Mandarin equivalent, for instance, is a Chinese character that means “good brain and talented”. Chinese people often associate this concept with traits such as imitation, effort, and social responsibility. Such traits do not constitute important elements of the concept of intelligence for most Americans.
[ 2 ]在这一领域的研究人员发现，许多语言没有与我们的智力观念相一致的词。例如，最接近的普通话，是一个汉字，意思是“良好的大脑和人才”。中国人常把这个概念与模仿、努力和社会责任等特征联系在一起。对于大多数美国人来说，这些特征并不构成智力概念的重要组成部分。
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第1个回答 2015-07-01
请你截全篇文章
第2个回答 2015-07-01
有一篇关于美国人多么友善、多么谦恭、多么热心的文章时常被到访美国的游客引用。客观地说，人们对加拿大及加拿大人也常有类似的看法。这好印象其实适用于整个北美洲。当然，也有少数是例外的，诸如小鸡肠肚子的官职人员、粗鲁的服务者或态度欠佳的出租车司机，在美国数见不鲜。然而，人们却常常得出美国人好客的评论，这就值得我们探讨一下。
长久以来，在美国的大多数地方，旅行人士都被当成是乏味生活中的调剂品。房屋之间距离相隔甚远，对许多家庭来说，孤独与沉闷是生活里常有的事，因此，陌生人和远道而来的游客给他们带来新鲜感和外地世界的信息。
边陲小镇的严峻现实环境也造就了北美人好客的传统。在过去，当单身旅客遇上饥饿、伤病等情况，就不得不向临近的住户或当地人求助。这不是出于旅客本身的选择，或当地人的善心。那是更反映现实生活的残酷：如果你不搭救收留那陌生人，他便无处可以落脚和求助了。但记住，可能有朝他日你也会同样身陷窘境。
时至今日，美国有很多慈善机构专为身处困境的旅客提供援助。而在美国，好客的民风依旧盛行，尤其是在游客不多的小镇上。「我就在路上走走，和那个美国人聊上了两句，没多久他就请我到他家里吃饭——真有意思!」访美的旅客常有这样的经历，但却不知其所然。很多美国人在不经意间表现出的友好不应被看做是表面应酬或故作姿态，而应该视为是在历史发展中形成的一种文化传统。
同任何发达国家一样，美国人所有的社会交往的基础是一整套复杂的文化特征，信念和习俗的积淀。当然，会讲一种语言并不意味着就理解该语言的社会和文化模式。不能正确“诠释”文化含义的旅行者经常得出错误的结论。例如，美国人嘴里所说的“朋友”一词所包含的文化内涵可能与旅行者母语和文化中的“朋友”涵义大相径庭。要想分清称呼“朋友”是出于好客的文化习俗还是出于个人兴趣，只靠在公共汽车上的萍水相逢是不够的。然而，友好是很多美国人推崇备至的美德，同时他们也希望自己的邻居和陌生人也能够如此。
～～～～～纯人手翻译，欢迎采纳～～～～～
原文如下：
A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.
For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.
The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.
Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. "I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner—amazing." Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.
As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to "translate" cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word "friend", the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.本回答被网友采纳
长久以来，在美国的大多数地方，旅行人士都被当成是乏味生活中的调剂品。房屋之间距离相隔甚远，对许多家庭来说，孤独与沉闷是生活里常有的事，因此，陌生人和远道而来的游客给他们带来新鲜感和外地世界的信息。
边陲小镇的严峻现实环境也造就了北美人好客的传统。在过去，当单身旅客遇上饥饿、伤病等情况，就不得不向临近的住户或当地人求助。这不是出于旅客本身的选择，或当地人的善心。那是更反映现实生活的残酷：如果你不搭救收留那陌生人，他便无处可以落脚和求助了。但记住，可能有朝他日你也会同样身陷窘境。
时至今日，美国有很多慈善机构专为身处困境的旅客提供援助。而在美国，好客的民风依旧盛行，尤其是在游客不多的小镇上。「我就在路上走走，和那个美国人聊上了两句，没多久他就请我到他家里吃饭——真有意思!」访美的旅客常有这样的经历，但却不知其所然。很多美国人在不经意间表现出的友好不应被看做是表面应酬或故作姿态，而应该视为是在历史发展中形成的一种文化传统。
同任何发达国家一样，美国人所有的社会交往的基础是一整套复杂的文化特征，信念和习俗的积淀。当然，会讲一种语言并不意味着就理解该语言的社会和文化模式。不能正确“诠释”文化含义的旅行者经常得出错误的结论。例如，美国人嘴里所说的“朋友”一词所包含的文化内涵可能与旅行者母语和文化中的“朋友”涵义大相径庭。要想分清称呼“朋友”是出于好客的文化习俗还是出于个人兴趣，只靠在公共汽车上的萍水相逢是不够的。然而，友好是很多美国人推崇备至的美德，同时他们也希望自己的邻居和陌生人也能够如此。
～～～～～纯人手翻译，欢迎采纳～～～～～
原文如下：
A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.
For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.
The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.
Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. "I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner—amazing." Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.
As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to "translate" cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word "friend", the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.本回答被网友采纳
第3个回答 2015-07-01
你是要翻译通篇么，请截全文章
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