英语中语态主要体现在什么词上

英语中语态主要体现在什么词上

  英语语态有主动语态和被动语态两种。
  主语是动作的执行者,叫做主动语态;主语是动作的承受者,叫做被动语态。 例如:
  We swept the floor.
  我们打扫了地板。(主动语态)
  The floor was swept.
  地板被打扫过。(被动语态) 2.被动语态的构成
  1)被动语态是由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成的。
  助动词be有人称,数和时态的变化,其变化规则与其作为连系动词的be的变化完全一样。 被动语态的肯定式的结构是:主语+be+过去分词(vt.)+(by+宾语)。 例如:
  Apple trees are planted in China.. 苹果树不种在南方。 2) 被动语态的否定句
  The building hasn't been completed. 这座建筑物没有竣工。 3)被动语态的一般疑问句
  被动语态的一般疑问句的结构是:Be+主语+过去分词(vt)+(by+宾语)?其答语用yes或no作简单回答。 例如:
  Are they made in China? Yes, they are. 它们是中国制造的吗?是的,是中国制造的。 --Was the museum built in 1993? 这座博物馆是在1993年建成的吗? --No, it was built in 1986. 不,它是在1986年建成的。 4)被动语态的特殊疑问句
  被动语态的特殊疑问句的结构是:疑问词+be+主语+过去分词(vt),其答语要作具体回答。 例如:
  --What is the machine used for? 这台机器用来作什么? --It is used for making paper. 它是用来造纸的。 --Where were the car made? 这些小汽车是哪里制造的? --They were made in China. 它们是中国制造的。 5)被动语态的形式
  各种时态的被动语态举例(以动词do为例) 1.一般现在时(am/ is/ are +done)
  English is spoken by lots of people in the world. 世界上的许多人都说英语。 Class meeting is held every Thursday. 每周四都举行班会。
  The classroom is cleaned by the students every day. 学生们每天都打扫教室。
  2.一般过去时(was/ were +done)
  The cup was broken by the boy. 杯子被那个男孩打碎了。 He was saved at last. 他最终获救了。 My bike was stolen. 我的自行车被偷了。
  3.一般将来时与过去将来时(will/ shall be +done; would/should be +done) A speech will be given this afternoon. 今天下午有一个演讲。 A new road will be built next year. 明年要修一条新马路。
  I thought thousands of people would be helped. 我认为将有数千人得到帮助。
  带有be going to结构的被动语态,被动结构表现在不定式上。结构为:sth be going to be done。 例如:
  I am going to close the door.(主动语态) 我将去关门。
  →The door is going to be closed.(被动语态) 门将要关上。
  4.现在进行时与过去进行时(am/ is/ are being +done; was/ were being +done) The machine was being repaired at this time yesterday. 昨天这时,机器正在被修理。 The problem is being discussed now. 问题正在被讨论。
  A bus is being pushed by the passengers. 路人正在推一辆公共汽车。 5.现在完成时(have/ has been + done)
  Two hundred trees have been planted by now. 到现在为止,已经种了二百棵树了。 The book has been read many times by me. 这本书已经被我读了许多遍了。
  Several soldiers have already been killed in the conflict. 在冲突中已经有几名士兵被杀害。 6.过去完成时(had been+done)
  They said they had been invited to the party. 他们说已经被邀请参加晚会了。
  She found the house had been destroyed by the storm. 她发现房子已经被暴风雨摧毁。 He had been tortured by the illness for many years before he died. 他在去世前已经被疾病折磨很多年了。
  7. 情 态 动 词 can/should/may/ must/„„ +be+过去分词
  The work must be done right now.
  We must finish it at once. (主动语态) 我们必须马上做完这件事。 →It must be finished at once(被动语态) 这件事必须马上做完。
  8 不定式的被动语态 to be done I want the bike to be repaired
  There are over 6 books to be read by my son every month.
  不定式的被动语态有2种:to be done(一般现在);to have been done完成 3.什么时候使用被动语态
  1)在没有指明动作的执行者的情况下。 例如:
  The meeting was held last week. 会议上周召开了。
  English is taught in all middle schools. 所有中学都开设英语课。
  2)要强调动作的承受者而不是执行者时。 例如:
  Teapots are used for drinking. 茶壶是饮水用的。 Where's cotton produced? 棉花产于何地?
  The bike was stolen yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午自行车被偷了。
  4.主动语态变为被动语态的方法
  1)将主动句里的宾语成分变为被动句里的主语成分。把主动句里的宾格人称代词改为主格形式。
  2)把主动结构的谓语动词改为be+过去分词形式。 3)将主动句的主语变为介词by的宾语。 例如:
  People use radios for listening to the news.(主动)
  →Radios are use for listening to the news by people.(被动) I posted a letter last week.(主动)
  →A letter was posted by me last week.(被动) 注意:
  在make, let, see, hear, notice, watch, feel等动词后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to,但这种句子如果变为被动语态时,则应加上to。 例如:We heard her sing an English song.(主动) →She was heard to sing an English song by us.(被动) 5.主动语态变为被动语态的主要类型 1)谓语动词只有一个宾语的。
  例如:The workers are building a ship.(主动语态) →The ship is being built by the workers.(被动语态) I have finished the exercises.(主动语态)
  →The exercises have been finished by me.(被动语态)
  2)谓语动词有两个宾语的,其中一个变为被动句的主语,另一个仍作为宾语,称为保留宾语。 例如:
  I sent him a present. (主动语态)
  →He was sent a present by me.(被动语态) A present was sent to him by me.(被动语态) 注意:
  a)在主动句中有些动词,如ask, answer, teach等变成被动句时,一般将间接宾语(指人的)改成被动句的主语。
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