求助 翻译成英文 谢谢拉！！！！

Question

1.质疑精神是最重要的人文精神，它是科学技术创新和发展的前提；市政府官员施政的本质；是学生求得真知的动力。辩证唯物主义认为，质疑精神是内在的否定因素。否定因素的存在才有可能使事物由低级走向高级。
2.牛顿：我所取得的成就正是因为站在无数先辈的肩膀上。（希望能提供原话）
3.社会道德是由经济基础决定的上层建筑和特殊社会意识形态，是通过社会舆论，传统习俗和内心信念建立起来并且维系的，是对人类善恶评价的心理意识，原则规范和行为活动的总和。社会传统和道德具有以下几个特征：规范性，阶级性，层次性，相对独立性，社会性，理想性。
4.艺术以及艺术作品和艺术教育是通过具体，生动，直观可感的美的形象感染人的精神。使人们在感受美的过程中发挥创造，使人们在感悟的过程中得到审美的愉悦以及理性的启迪。同时艺术在提升人的内在情感和健全人的人格方面具有不可估量的作用。
第2个牛顿的话后面的括号里的不用翻译，我的意思是希望能提供牛顿的原话。这些都是GRE ISSUE写作的一些观点，希望大家能提供比较牛的英文，我知道很长很难，我会再追加分的！！

Answer 1

1.the most important humane spirits is the scepsis spirit, which is a premise of the science and teconology innovation and development, an essence of the inplementation for the municipal government officials administration, an inspiring drive of obtaining true knowledge for the students.dialectic materialism believe that scepsis is the internal negtive factor. it is the negative factors exsitence that make things grow from the lower class to the higher class.

2. Newton: My acheivement shows that i m standing on the shoulders of numerous ancestors

3. social ethic is an superstructure decided by economic basis as well as a special social ideology. it refers to the psychological consciousness of judgement to good and evil, the principles and activities which were established and sustained on public opinion, traditional customs and people's internal belefs. social convention and ethic are characterized as regular, classic, logic, relatively independent, social, and ideal.

4. Arts , work of arts and art education affect people spirits by concrete, vivid,visualized asethetic images in the improvement at creation, delight,reasonability in the process of receptivity. meanwhile, arts plays an unasessible important role in the improvement of people's internal affection and their healthier individuality

Answer 2

这么长！

Answer 3

1. Doubt the spirit is the most important humanistic spirit, it is science and technology innovation and the development of the premise of the administration officials nature of the students obtained Zhen Zhi is the driving force. Dialectical materialism that is inherent challenge of the negative factors. The existence of negative factors could make things from junior to senior.

2. Newton: I achievements precisely because standing on the shoulders of countless predecessors. (I hope to provide the original words)

3. Social morality is determined by the economic base and superstructure of special social ideology, through public opinion, traditional practices and beliefs heart of the established and maintained, the psychological evaluation of the human sense of good and evil, norms and principles of activities Sum. Social and moral tradition has the following characteristics: normative, class nature, level and relative independence, social, sexual ideal.

4. Arts and works of art and art education is through concrete, vivid, intuitive sense of the United States may be infected with the image of the human spirit. Feelings of people in the United States to play in the process of creation, the sentiment of the people during the process of aesthetic pleasure and rational enlightenment. At the same time enhancing the arts in the inner feelings and sound of the human personality has an inestimable role to play.

Answer 4

质疑精神
skepticism