å¤åå¥æçæ¯å«æ两个ææ´å¤ç主è°ç»æçå¥åï¼å
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å½å¥åçæä¸ï¼äºï¼æåï¼å¦ä¸»è¯ã宾è¯ã表è¯ãå®è¯ãç¶è¯ãåä½è¯çã主è¯ä»å¥ã宾è¯ä»å¥ã表è¯ä»å¥ãåä½è¯ä»å¥ãå®è¯ä»å¥åç¶è¯ä»å¥é½å±äºå¤åå¥ã
ä¸ãç¶è¯ä»å¥ï¼
ç¶è¯ä»å¥ Adverbial Clauseï¼ä»å¥ç¨ä½ç¶è¯ç§°ä¸ºç¶è¯ä»å¥ãæ ¹æ®ç¨éï¼ç¶è¯ä»å¥å¯å为æ¶é´ãå°ç¹ãåå ãæ¡ä»¶ãæ¹å¼ã让æ¥ãç»æãç®ççç¶è¯ä»å¥ã
I. æ¶é´ç¶è¯ä»å¥
æ¶é´ç¶è¯ä»å¥è¡¨ç¤ºæ¶é´ï¼å¸¸ç¨çå
³èè¯æwhen, until, as, after, before, once, since, as long as, wheneverççã
ä¾: 1) When you cross a main road, you must be careful.
2) He went out to play football after he had finished his homework.
3) Wait until you are called.
4) I can't recognize you. You are so changed since last we met.
5) He didn't go to school until he was eleven.
You can use my house as long as you are careful.
He is so terrible once he is drunk.
I listen to the radio while I walk every evening.
II. å°ç¹ç¶è¯ä»å¥
å°ç¹ç¶è¯ä»å¥è¡¨ç¤ºå°ç¹ï¼å¸¸ç¨çå
³èè¯æwhere, wherever, anywhereçã
ä¾å¦ï¼1) Put it where you found it.
2) Sit down wherever you like.
3) Anywhere she goes, he goes too.
III. åå ç¶è¯ä»å¥
åå ç¶è¯ä»å¥è¡¨ç¤ºåå æçç±ï¼å¸¸ç¨çå
³èè¯æbecause, as, since, in caseçã
1) I eat ice-cream so much because I like sweet food.
2) As I didn't know the way, I asked a policeman.
3) Since you won't help me, I'll ask someone else.
I'll take my raincoat in case it rains. (in case it rains = because it may rain)æå°å¸¦ä¸é¨è¡£ï¼ä»¥é²ä¸é¨ã
IV. æ¡ä»¶ç¶è¯ä»å¥
æ¡ä»¶ç¶è¯ä»å¥è¡¨ç¤ºçå®çæç°å®çæ¡ä»¶ï¼å¼å¯¼ä»å¥æç¨çå
³èè¯æif, unless, suppose, in case(that), in the event (that), as (so) long asççã
1) If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman.
You'll be late, unless you hurry.
3) Suppose we are late, what will he say? (supposeä»å¥å¿
é¡»æ¾å¨ä¸»å¥ä¹å) æ们å¦æè¿å°äºï¼ä»ä¼è¯´ä»ä¹ï¼
4) In the event that our team wins, there will be a party.
5) In case it rains, do not expect me. å¦æä¸é¨ï¼å°±ä¸è¦çæäºã
6) He will do anything as(so) long as it is interesting. åªè¦å¥½ç©ï¼ä»ä»ä¹é½æ¿æåã
V. æ¹å¼ç¶è¯ä»å¥
æ¹å¼ç¶è¯ä»å¥è¡¨ç¤ºå¨ä½çæ¹å¼ï¼åçHowçé®é¢ï¼å¸¸ç¨å
³èè¯as, as if, as though, the way(that), in the way(that)çå¼å¯¼ï¼ä¸è¬ç½®äºä¸»è¯ä¹åã
Do as I say. I did just as you told me. ç
§æ说çå»åãæå°±æ¯ç
§ä½ 说çå»åçã
He acts as if/as though he is the owner. ä»è¡ä¸ºä¸¾æ¢å¥½è±¡æ¯è¿å¿ç主人似çã
They did it in a way that I had never seen before. ä»ä»¬ä»¥æä»æ²¡è§è¿çæ¹å¼è¡äºã
I was never allowed to sing the way I wanted to. æä»æªè¢«å
许ç¨èªå·±æ³ç¨çæ¹å¼å±æã
VI. 让æ¥ç¶è¯ä»å¥
让æ¥ç¶è¯ä»å¥è¡¨ç¤ºâè½ç¶ã尽管ãå³ä½¿âçæ¦å¿µï¼ä½¿å¥åå
·æ对æ¯çå ç´ ã常ç¨çå
³èè¯æalthough, though, even if, even though, not that(=althoughâ¦not)çï¼ç½®äºä¸»è¯ä¹åæåã
1) Although you feel very ill right now, this is still a common disease.
2) Though he has lived for years in London, he writes in French.
3) We intend to go U.S., even if air fares are expensive.
4) Even though fruits are good, you can't live with fruits only.
5) I'm OK now, not that I slept (although I did not sleep) very well last night.
VII. ç»æç¶è¯ä»å¥
ç»æç¶è¯ä»å¥è¡¨ç¤ºç»æï¼ å¸¸ç±è¿è¯soâ¦that, such(a/an)â¦that, so that, such thatçå¼å¯¼ï¼ç½®äºä¸»è¯ä¹åã
She was so frightened about the dog that she cried.
The news worried him so much that he didn't sleep at all for the whole night.
He is such a wonderful joker that you can't help laughing.
They are such wonderful players that no one can beat them.
We arrived early, so that we got good seats.
The weather was such that I couldn't go out.
VIII. ç®çç¶è¯ä»å¥
ç®çç¶è¯ä»å¥è¡¨ç¤ºç®çï¼åçwhat foræ for what purposeçé®é¢ï¼å¸¸ç¨å
³èè¯so that, in order thatçå¼å¯¼ï¼ä¸è¬ç½®äºä¸»è¯ä¹åãç®çç¶è¯ä»å¥ä¸çè°è¯å¨è¯å¸¸ç±âæ
æå¨è¯+å¨è¯åå½¢âææã
Ships carry lifeboats so that people can escape if the ship sinks.
They wrote the notice in several languages so that foreigners could understand it.
We carved their names on the stone in order that people should always remember them.
They risk their lives so that/in order that they may support their kids.
äºãå®è¯ä»å¥
å®è¯ä»å¥ï¼Attributive Clausesï¼å¨å¥ä¸åå®è¯ï¼ä¿®é¥°ä¸ä¸ªåè¯æ代è¯ï¼è¢«ä¿®é¥°çåè¯,è¯ç»æ代è¯å³å
è¡è¯ãå®è¯ä»å¥é常åºç°å¨å
è¡è¯ä¹åï¼ç±å
³ç³»è¯ï¼å
³ç³»ä»£è¯æå
³ç³»å¯è¯ï¼å¼åºã
å
³ç³»ä»£è¯æï¼who, whom, whose, that, whichçã
å
³ç³»å¯è¯æï¼when, where, whyç
1. å
³ç³»ä»£è¯å¼å¯¼çå®è¯ä»å¥
å
³ç³»ä»£è¯æ代æ¿çå
è¡è¯æ¯äººæç©çåè¯æ代è¯ï¼å¹¶å¨å¥ä¸å
å½ä¸»è¯ã宾è¯ãå®è¯çæåãå
³ç³»ä»£è¯å¨å®è¯ä»å¥ä¸ä½ä¸»è¯æ¶ï¼ä»å¥è°è¯å¨è¯ç人称åæ°è¦åå
è¡è¯ä¿æä¸è´ã
1ï¼who, whom, that è¿äºè¯ä»£æ¿çå
è¡è¯æ¯äººçåè¯æ代è¯ï¼å¨ä»å¥ä¸æèµ·ä½ç¨å¦ä¸ï¼
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
ä»å°±æ¯ä½ æ³è§ç人åï¼ï¼who/thatå¨ä»å¥ä¸ä½ä¸»è¯ï¼
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
ä»å°±æ¯ææ¨å¤©è§çé£ä¸ªäººãï¼whom/thatå¨ä»å¥ä¸ä½å®¾è¯ï¼
2) Whose ç¨æ¥æ人æç©ï¼(åªç¨ä½å®è¯, è¥æç©ï¼å®è¿å¯ä»¥åof whichäºæ¢ï¼ï¼ä¾å¦ï¼
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
é£äººè½¦åäºï¼å¤§å®¶é½è·è¿å»å¸®å¿ã
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.
请éç»æé£æ¬ç»¿ç®ç书ã
3ï¼ which, that å®ä»¬æ代æ¿çå
è¡è¯æ¯äºç©çåè¯æ代è¯ï¼å¨ä»å¥ä¸å¯ä½ä¸»è¯ã宾è¯çï¼ä¾å¦ï¼ A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
åæåºç°äºåææªæçç¹è£ãï¼which / thatå¨å¥ä¸ä½å®¾è¯ï¼
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.
ä½ æ¿çå
å¿«æ£äºã(which / thatå¨å¥ä¸ä½å®¾è¯)
2. å
³ç³»å¯è¯å¼å¯¼çå®è¯ä»å¥
å
³ç³»å¯è¯å¯ä»£æ¿çå
è¡è¯æ¯æ¶é´ãå°ç¹æçç±çåè¯ï¼å¨ä»å¥ä¸ä½ç¶è¯ã
1ï¼when, where, why å
³ç³»å¯è¯when, where, whyçå«ä¹ç¸å½äº"ä»è¯+ which"ç»æï¼å æ¤å¸¸å¸¸å"ä»è¯+ which"ç»æ交æ¿ä½¿ç¨.ä¾å¦ï¼
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. ä»»ä½äººé½æä¸å¾ä¸å±æçæ¶åã Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. å京æ¯æçåºçå°ã
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?
è¿å°±æ¯ä»æç»æ们帮å©ä»ççç±åï¼
2ï¼that代æ¿å
³ç³»å¯è¯thatå¯ä»¥ç¨äºè¡¨ç¤ºæ¶é´ãå°ç¹ãæ¹å¼ãçç±çåè¯åå代when, where, whyå"ä»è¯+ which"å¼å¯¼çå®è¯ä»å¥ï¼å¨å£è¯ä¸that常被çç¥.ä¾å¦ï¼
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.
ä»ç¶äº²å¨ä»åºçé£å¹´éä¸äºã
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.
ä»ä¸å¤§å¯è½æ¾å°ä»ååå¹´åå±
ä½è¿çå°æ¹
3. å¤æå
³ç³»ä»£è¯ä¸å
³ç³»å¯è¯
æ¹æ³ä¸ï¼ ç¨å
³ç³»ä»£è¯ï¼è¿æ¯å
³ç³»å¯è¯å®å
¨åå³äºä»å¥ä¸çè°è¯å¨è¯ãåç©å¨è¯åé¢æ 宾è¯ï¼å°±å¿
é¡»è¦æ±ç¨å
³ç³»ä»£è¯ï¼èä¸åç©å¨è¯åè¦æ±ç¨å
³ç³»å¯è¯ãä¾å¦ï¼
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
ä¹ æ¯ä¸æ»æ表å°ç¹ææ¶é´çåè¯ä¸å
³ç³»å¯è¯ where, whenèç³»å¨ä¸èµ·ã
æ¹æ³äºï¼ åç¡®å¤æå
è¡è¯å¨å®è¯ä»å¥ä¸çæå(主ãè°ã宾ãå®ãç¶)ï¼ä¹è½æ£ç¡®éæ©åºå
³ç³»ä»£è¯/å
³ç³»å¯è¯ã
4. éå¶æ§åééå¶æ§å®è¯ä»å¥
1) å®è¯ä»å¥æéå¶æ§åééå¶æ§ä¸¤ç§ãéå¶æ§å®è¯ä»å¥æ¯å
è¡è¯ä¸å¯ç¼ºå°çé¨åï¼å»æå®ä¸»å¥ææå¾å¾ä¸æç¡®ï¼ééå¶æ§å®è¯ä»å¥æ¯å
è¡è¯çéå 说æï¼å»æäºä¹ä¸ä¼å½±å主å¥çææï¼å®ä¸ä¸»å¥ä¹é´é常ç¨éå·åå¼ï¼ä¾å¦ï¼
This is the house which we bought last month.
è¿æ¯æ们ä¸ä¸ªæä¹°çé£å¹¢æ¿åãï¼éå¶æ§ï¼
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
è¿å¹¢æ¿åå¾æ¼äº®ï¼æ¯æ们ä¸ä¸ªæä¹°çãï¼ééå¶æ§ï¼
2) å½å
è¡è¯æ¯ä¸æåè¯æç©ä¸»ä»£è¯åæ示代è¯æ修饰æ¶ï¼å
¶åçå®è¯ä»å¥é常æ¯ééå¶æ§çï¼ä¾å¦ï¼ Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
æ¥ç·å²å¯æ¯å»å¹´éä¼äºï¼ä»æ¾ç»æ¯æçèå¸ã
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
æå»å¹´ä¹°ççé£å¹¢æ¿å带ç个æ¼äº®çè±åã
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.
è¿æ¬å°è¯´å¾å¨äººï¼æå·²ç»è¯»äºä¸éã
3) ééå¶æ§å®è¯ä»å¥è¿è½å°æ´ä¸ªä¸»å¥ä½ä¸ºå
è¡è¯, 对å
¶è¿è¡ä¿®é¥°, è¿æ¶ä»å¥è°è¯å¨è¯è¦ç¨ç¬¬ä¸äººç§°åæ°ï¼ä¾å¦ï¼
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
ä»ä¼¼ä¹æ²¡æä½æçææï¼è¿ä½¿æå¿ç¦ã
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
液ææ°´å为è¸æ±½ï¼è¿å°±å«åè¸åã
说æï¼å
³ç³»ä»£è¯thatåå
³ç³»å¯è¯whyä¸è½å¼å¯¼ééå¶æ§å®è¯ä»å¥ã
5. ä»è¯+å
³ç³»è¯
1ï¼ä»è¯åé¢çå
³ç³»è¯ä¸è½çç¥ã
2ï¼thatåä¸è½æä»è¯ã
3ï¼ æäºå¨ä»å¥ä¸å
å½æ¶é´ï¼å°ç¹æåå ç¶è¯ç"ä»è¯+å
³ç³»è¯"ç»æå¯ä»¥åå
³ç³»å¯è¯when åwhere äºæ¢ã
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
6. as, which ééå®æ§å®è¯ä»å¥
ç±as, which å¼å¯¼çééå®æ§å®è¯ä»å¥ï¼asåwhichå¯ä»£æ´ä¸ªä¸»å¥ï¼ç¸å½äºand thisæand thatãAsä¸è¬æ¾å¨å¥é¦ï¼whichå¨å¥ä¸ã
as åwhichå¨å¼å¯¼ééå¶æ§å®è¯ä»å¥æ¶ï¼è¿ä¸¤ä¸ªå
³ç³»ä»£è¯é½æ主å¥æ表达çæ´ä¸ªææï¼ä¸å¨å®è¯ä»å¥ä¸é½å¯ä»¥ä½ä¸»è¯å宾è¯ãä½ä¸åä¹å¤ä¸»è¦æ两ç¹ï¼
(1ï¼ as å¼å¯¼çå®è¯ä»å¥å¯ç½®äºå¥é¦ï¼èwhichä¸å¯ã
(2ï¼ as 代表åé¢çæ´ä¸ªä¸»å¥å¹¶å¨ä»å¥ä¸ä½ä¸»è¯æ¶ï¼ä»å¥ä¸çè°è¯å¿
é¡»æ¯ç³»å¨è¯ï¼è¥ä¸ºè¡ä¸ºå¨è¯ï¼åä»å¥ä¸çå
³ç³»ä»£è¯åªè½ç¨whichã
7. å
è¡è¯åå
³ç³»è¯äºåä¸
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever å¯ä»¥ç¨ anyone who 代æ¿)
2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what å¯ä»¥ç¨all that代æ¿)
8. what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever
1ï¼what = the thing whichï¼whatever = anything
2) who= the person that whoever= anyone who
3) that å what
å½thatå¼å¯¼å®è¯ä»å¥æ¶ ï¼é常ç¨ä½å
³ç³»ä»£è¯ï¼èå¼å¯¼åè¯æ§ä»å¥æ¶ï¼æ¯ä¸ªä¸å
å½ä»»ä½æåçè¿æ¥è¯ã宾è¯ä»å¥å表è¯ä»å¥ä¸çthat常å¯çç¥ãWhatåªè½å¼å¯¼åè¯æ§ä»å¥ï¼ ç¨ä½è¿æ¥ä»£è¯ï¼ä½ä»å¥çå
·ä½æåï¼ä¸ä¸è½çç¥ã
9. å
³ç³»ä»£è¯that çç¨æ³
1ï¼ä¸ç¨thatçæ
åµ
a) å¨å¼å¯¼ééå®æ§å®è¯ä»å¥æ¶ã
b) ä»è¯åä¸è½ç¨ã
2) åªè½ç¨thatä½ä¸ºå®è¯ä»å¥çå
³ç³»ä»£è¯çæ
åµ
a) å¨there be å¥åä¸ï¼åªç¨thatï¼ä¸ç¨whichã
b) å¨ä¸å®ä»£è¯ï¼å¦ï¼anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, littleçä½å
è¡è¯æ¶ï¼åªç¨thatï¼ä¸ç¨whichã
c) å
è¡è¯æthe only, the very修饰æ¶ï¼åªç¨thatã
d) å
è¡è¯ä¸ºåºæ°è¯ãæ°è¯ã形容è¯æé«çº§æ¶ï¼åªç¨thatã
e) å
è¡è¯æ¢æ人ï¼åæç©æ¶,åªç¨thatã
ä¸ãåè¯æ§ä»å¥ï¼
å¨å¥åä¸å
å½ä¸»è¯ã宾è¯ã表è¯ä¸åä½è¯çå¥ååå«å«å主è¯ä»å¥ã宾è¯ä»å¥ã表è¯ä»å¥ååä½è¯ä»å¥ï¼ è¿äºç»ç§°ä¸ºåè¯æ§ä»å¥ã
ï¼ä¸ï¼ä¸»è¯ä»å¥
å¨å¤åå¥ä¸ç¨ä½ä¸»è¯çä»å¥å«ä¸»è¯ä»å¥ã
A 为äºå¼ºè°ä¸»è¯ä»å¥çå
容ï¼å¯å°ä»å¥ç½®äºå¥é¦
B 大é¨å主è¯ä»å¥é½å¯ä»¥ç¨itä½å½¢å¼ä¸»è¯
为äºä¿æå¥å平衡ï¼ä¸»è¯ä»å¥å¸¸ç¨itä½å½¢å¼ä¸»è¯ï¼å°ä¸»è¯ä»å¥åç½®ãç¨itä½å½¢å¼ä¸»è¯ç主è¯ä»å¥ç»ææå¦ä¸å ç§ï¼
1ãIt is + åè¯ + thatä»å¥
2ãIt is + å½¢å®¹è¯ + thatä»å¥
3ãIt + å¨è¯ + thatä»å¥
4ãIt is + è¿å»åè¯ + thatä»å¥
ç¨å½¢å¼ä¸»è¯itå¼å¯¼ç主è¯ä»å¥ç¸å½å¤ï¼æäºå·²å½¢æåºå®çè¯æ³åè¯æ³ã常è§çæï¼
It is said that... æ®è¯´â¦â¦
It is reported that... æ®æ¥å¯¼â¦â¦
It is well known that... ä¼æå¨ç¥â¦â¦
It is announced that... æ®å®£å¸â¦â¦
It is believed that... 人们ç¸ä¿¡â¦â¦
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It is understood that... èªä¸å¾
è¨â¦â¦
It must be pointed out that... å¿
é¡»æåºâ¦â¦
It must be admitted that... å¿
é¡»æ¿è®¤â¦â¦
ï¼äºï¼å®¾è¯ä»å¥
宾è¯ä»å¥ The Object Clauseï¼å¨å¤åå¥ä¸ä½ä¸»å¥ç宾è¯ï¼å®å±äºåè¯æ§ä»å¥ãå®å¯ä»¥ä½ä¸»å¥è°è¯å¨è¯ç宾è¯ï¼ä¹å¯ä»¥ä½ä»è¯ç宾è¯ã宾è¯ä»å¥ä»¥ä»å¥çå¥å¼æ¥å³å®è¿æ¥è¯ã
宾è¯ä»å¥æåæ¥æ²
è¿æ¥è¯ï¼ ï¼ä¹å«å¼å¯¼è¯ï¼
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æ¶æï¼ ä¸»å¥çæ¶æå¦ææ¯è¿å»æ¶ï¼ä»å¥çæ¶æåºä»¥è¿å»æ¶ä¸ºåºç¡ä½ç¸åºçååã
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è¿æ¥è¯ï¼å¼å¯¼è¯ï¼
ä»å±è¿è¯ that ï¼if ï¼whether
è¿æ¥ä»£è¯ whoï¼ whomï¼ whoseï¼ whichï¼ what
è¿æ¥å¯è¯ when ï¼where ï¼how ï¼why
1.å¦æéè¿°å¥ä½ä»å¥ï¼è¿æ¥è¯ç¨that,å¨å£è¯åéæ£å¼è¯ä½ä¸å¸¸å¯çç¥that ã
2.ç¹æ®çé®å¥ä½ä»å¥ï¼å°±ç¨åæ¥çç¹æ®çé®è¯
3.ä¸è¬çé®å¥ä½ä»å¥ï¼è¿è¯ç¨ifæwhether å¨éæ©çé®å¥åªç¨whetherï¼è®°ä½è¿ä¸ç»æï¼whether ⦠or not ã
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表è¯ä»å¥æ¾å¨è¿ç³»å¨è¯ä¹åï¼å
å½å¤åå¥ä¸ç表è¯ã
A å¯æ¥è¡¨è¯ä»å¥çè¿ç³»å¨è¯
å¯æ¥è¡¨è¯ä»å¥çè¿ç³»å¨è¯æbe, look, seem, sound, appearçã
B as, as if / thoughå¼å¯¼ç表è¯ä»å¥
C because, whyå¼å¯¼ç表è¯ä»å¥
whatå¼å¯¼ç主è¯ä»å¥è¡¨ç¤ºç»ææåè¯reasonä½ä¸»è¯æ¶ï¼åé¢ç表è¯ä»å¥è¡¨ç¤ºåå æ¶è¦ç¨thatå¼å¯¼ï¼ä¸å®ç¨becauseã
D 使ç¨èæè¯æ°ç表è¯ä»å¥
å¨è¡¨ç¤ºå»ºè®®ãååãå½ä»¤å«ä¹çåè¯åç表è¯ä»å¥ï¼è°è¯å¨è¯éç¨"should+å¨è¯åå½¢"表示ï¼shouldå¯çç¥ã常è§çè¯æï¼advice, suggestion, order, proposal, plan, ideaçã
ï¼åï¼åä½è¯ä»å¥
åä½è¯ä»å¥ç¨äºå¯¹åé¢çåè¯ä½è¿ä¸æ¥è§£éï¼è¯´æåè¯çå
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A åä½è¯ä»å¥ä¸è¬è·å¨åè¯çåé¢
åä½è¯ä»å¥ä¸è¬è·å¨åè¯fact, hope, idea, news, doubt, suggestion, information, opinion, decision, discovery, truth, promise, statement, problem, ruleçåé¢ã
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å¨ä¸äºè¡¨ç¤ºâ建议ãå½ä»¤ãè¦æ±âçåè¯åçåä½è¯ä»å¥ä¸ï¼è°è¯å¨è¯ç¨"should + å¨è¯åå½¢"ï¼shouldå¯çç¥ã
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